Also known as: Thymalfasin, Thymosin α1, Tα1, Zadaxin
Thymosin alpha-1 (thymalfasin) is an N-terminally acetylated 28-amino-acid peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue and corresponding to a region of prothymosin alpha. It has context-dependent immunomodulatory effects involving dendritic-cell maturation, innate pattern-recognition signaling, T-cell function, cytokine regulation, and restoration of immune responsiveness; these mechanisms do not imply benefit for every immune or infectious condition.
Record status
Traceability partial
Last meaningful update: 9/8/2026
Evidence searched through:
Not recorded
Assessment updated:
9/8/2026
Last human review:
9/8/2026
Governed reviewed evidence
25
Governed records, not an efficacy score or total literature count.
Evidence boundary
0 / 25
Claim-linked support versus recorded evidence.
Research gaps
1
Human experience · separate evidence stream
No community pattern is displayed yet
Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.
Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.
Public display gate
n ≥ 20 eligible observations
Exact progress remains private before the threshold.
A compact view of what is represented, what remains unresolved, and how completely the record can be traced.
Governed reviewed evidence
25
Reviewed database records promoted through the governed publication workflow.
Contradictions
0
Conflicting evidence relationships that remain visible.
Research gaps
1
Questions the current record identifies as unresolved.
Connected media
0
Media records explicitly linked to this scientific record.
What we know
Evidence, claims, and boundaries
The project separates represented evidence from qualification, contradiction, uncertainty, and what the evidence does not establish.
No public institutional claim is represented yet
This does not mean the scientific literature contains no findings. It means no reviewed institutional claim has been represented here.
Scientific context
Chemistry and represented biological context
Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.
Open chemistry and biological context ↓Close chemistry and biological context ↑
Chemical identity
Molecular and structural record
Structured record
Molecular formula
C129H215N33O55
Molecular weight
3108.3
Amino acid sequence
Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN
Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.
Explore further
Continue through the research system
Move from this peptide record into the project's broader evidence, research, comparison, and methodology systems.
Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.
Research chronology
1983 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha 1 restores NK-cell activity and prevents tumor progression in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-rays.
peer_reviewed_research
1985 · study · Temporal status not established
Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes.
peer_reviewed_research
1987 · study · Temporal status not established
Prothymosin alpha in human blood.
peer_reviewed_research
1989 · study · Temporal status not established
Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain.
peer_reviewed_research
1991 · study · Temporal status not established
Connections
Follow the scientific relationships
Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.
Open 1 represented connection ↓Close represented connections ↑
institution
peer_reviewed_research
represented evidence source
Traceability
Follow the record back to its source
The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.
Source publication state
A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.
Reviewer provenance state
“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.
Claim → Evidence
Incomplete
Evidence → Source
Connected
Source → Original record
Connected
Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.
Incomplete links: claim-to-evidence
Inspect 25 source paths ↓Close source paths ↑
Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.
Observational archive
What contributors reported
Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.
Observational boundary
Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.
Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.
Regulatory context
Reviewed jurisdictional records
Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.
Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.
No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.
Sources + provenance
Read the scientific record with its boundaries intact
The public record organizes reviewed evidence; it does not establish scientific truth by itself.
Association, mechanism, observation and regulatory status must not be represented as proof of clinical efficacy or safety.
Observational reports describe contributor experiences and cannot establish causation, effectiveness, safety or clinical benefit.
Contradictory and qualifying evidence must remain visible rather than being silently discarded.
Absence of represented evidence is not evidence that research does not exist.
Research gaps identify unresolved questions; they are not negative conclusions.
Regulatory status is distinct from scientific evidence quality.
Media relationships provide context and explanation; they do not increase the strength of scientific evidence.
A section with no represented records is an incomplete project record, not a scientific conclusion.
Thymosin alpha-1 evidence · ranking key
How evidence is ranked
A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.
A
Practice-defining evidence
Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.
Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.
D
Signal-generating evidence
Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.
Tier and confidence answer different questions
Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.
Governed scientific evidence
Evidence Passport
Duplicate-safe scientific sources under accountable human review. Identified or pending records do not contribute as approved evidence.
54
Developing
WPF-EMM-1.0
Identified sources
25
Governed reviewed
25
Evidence approved for publication
25
Audit view
Evidence integrity map
Human and preclinical evidence remain separate. Source identity, claim-to-source traceability, review dates, conflicts, limitations, and unknowns stay visible rather than being collapsed into one score.
4 unresolved signals
Human evidence
19
Preclinical evidence
2
Unresolved questions remain visible.
Human experience
Below display gate
Observations never become clinical evidence.
• Clinical studies often describe acceptable short-term tolerability, but safety must be interpreted by indication, population, concomitant therapy, product, and duration. Injection reactions, hypersensitivity, immune-mediated effects, interactions with immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory therapy, and uncertainty in pregnancy, pediatrics, autoimmune disease, transplantation, and prolonged use require careful evaluation.
• The presence of published evidence does not by itself establish safety, efficacy, causation or clinical benefit.
Inspect the published evidence record25 governed records · titles, provenance, and original-source linksOpen records ↓Close records ↑
2021Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
80/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
55/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.
Authors
Liu J, Shen Y, Wen Z, Xu Q, Wu Z, Feng H, Li Z, Dong X, Huang S, Guo J, Zhang L, Chen Y, Li W, Zhu W, Du H, Liu Y, Wang T, Chen L, Teboul JL, Annane D, Chen D.
Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
80/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
55/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trial.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trial.
2023Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
80/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
55/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.
2020Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
80/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
55/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.
2004Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
80/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
55/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
2010Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
80/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
55/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma.
2019Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Bioactive Thymosin Alpha-1 Does Not Influence F508del-CFTR Maturation and Activity.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Bioactive Thymosin Alpha-1 Does Not Influence F508del-CFTR Maturation and Activity.
2015Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.
1991Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha.
2020Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 73/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
58/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
60/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
70/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.
1996Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin alpha 1 does not promote growth or oncogenic transformation.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha 1 does not promote growth or oncogenic transformation.
2022Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.
2025Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.
2023Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.
2024Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.
1987Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Prothymosin alpha in human blood.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Prothymosin alpha in human blood.
1989Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain.
2018Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin α-1 does not correct F508del-CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin α-1 does not correct F508del-CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.
2007Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside.
2001Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
56/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
72/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
50/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin alpha-1.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha-1.
Authors
1995Animal research
Evidence strength C · 62/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
45/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Immunotherapy with natural interleukins and/or thymosin alpha 1 potently augments T-lymphocyte responses of hydrocortisone-treated aged mice.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Immunotherapy with natural interleukins and/or thymosin alpha 1 potently augments T-lymphocyte responses of hydrocortisone-treated aged mice.
1985Animal research
Evidence strength C · 62/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
45/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes.
1983Animal research
Evidence strength C · 62/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
45/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin alpha 1 restores NK-cell activity and prevents tumor progression in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-rays.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha 1 restores NK-cell activity and prevents tumor progression in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-rays.
2026Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 61/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
44/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
45/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells.
2025Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 61/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Source authority
80/100
Study design and bias control
44/100
Directness
92/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
70/100
Replication
45/100
Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets.
This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets.
Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha.
peer_reviewed_research
1995 · study · Temporal status not established
Immunotherapy with natural interleukins and/or thymosin alpha 1 potently augments T-lymphocyte responses of hydrocortisone-treated aged mice.
peer_reviewed_research
1996 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha 1 does not promote growth or oncogenic transformation.
peer_reviewed_research
2001 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha-1.
peer_reviewed_research
2004 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
peer_reviewed_research
2007 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside.
peer_reviewed_research
2010 · study · Temporal status not established
Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma.
peer_reviewed_research
2015 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.
peer_reviewed_research
2018 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin α-1 does not correct F508del-CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.
peer_reviewed_research
2019 · study · Temporal status not established
Bioactive Thymosin Alpha-1 Does Not Influence F508del-CFTR Maturation and Activity.
peer_reviewed_research
2020 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.
peer_reviewed_research
2020 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.
peer_reviewed_research
2021 · study · Temporal status not established
Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.
peer_reviewed_research
2022 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.
peer_reviewed_research
2023 · study · Temporal status not established
A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.
peer_reviewed_research
2023 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.
peer_reviewed_research
2024 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.
peer_reviewed_research
2025 · study · Temporal status not established
Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.
peer_reviewed_research
2025 · study · Temporal status not established
The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets.
peer_reviewed_research
2026 · study · Temporal status not established
Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trial.
peer_reviewed_research
2026 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells.
peer_reviewed_research
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
Regulatory review: not_approved
European Union (EMA)
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
Regulatory review: not_approved
United States (FDA)
The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.
What still needs investigation
Claim traceability
No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.
Evidence is missing or not represented as studied; this is not a conclusion that the intervention does not work.
Researchers represented in the evidence record12 bibliographic identities · open to inspect
These are bibliographic author identities derived from represented records. Name strings are not proof of unique real-world researcher identity, and publishing organizations are not treated as institutional affiliations.
Garaci E
3 represented evidence records
Years represented: 1985, 2007, 2020
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Wang X
3 represented evidence records
Years represented: 2022, 2025, 2026
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Wei Y
3 represented evidence records
Years represented: 2022, 2023, 2026
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Yan C
3 represented evidence records
Years represented: 2022, 2023, 2026
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Zhang Y
3 represented evidence records
Years represented: 2022, 2023, 2026
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Armirotti A
2 represented evidence records
Years represented: 2018, 2019
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Chen Y
2 represented evidence records
Years represented: 2021, 2022
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Cholon DM
2 represented evidence records
Years represented: 2018, 2019
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Galietta LJ
2 represented evidence records
Years represented: 2018, 2019
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Garaci E.
2 represented evidence records
Years represented: 1985, 2020
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Gentzsch M
2 represented evidence records
Years represented: 2018, 2019
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Liu Y
2 represented evidence records
Years represented: 2021, 2026
Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research
Claim: Not linked · Evidence: 11ee204211cadf01024fa6fdb74e2674
Machine extracted: no · Human scientist reviewed: no · Externally validated: no
Incomplete path: claim, extraction-status
A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.
Claim: Not linked · Evidence: fc7480a48e96c89de3fa1ac2d45cdf3b
Machine extracted: no · Human scientist reviewed: no · Externally validated: no
Incomplete path: claim, extraction-status
Researcher and institutional relationships are shown only when supported by represented records and must not be interpreted as rankings or endorsements.
Generated: 9/18/2026, 3:04:09 PM
Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.
Durable source IDs
25/25
Claim-to-source chain
Partial
Evidence searched through: Not recorded
Last accountable review: Sep 8, 2026
Inspect unresolved signals (4)
25 open research questions are recorded.
25 reviewed records have explicit limitations.
At least one claim-to-original-source traceability step is not represented.
The literature search-through date is not recorded.
These are documentary and scientific-review signals, not conclusions of harm, ineffectiveness, safety, or absence of research.
Human relevance35
Study design28
Evidence breadth69
Consistency100
Governance quality100
Uncertainty resolution30
Why this rating
25 duplicate-safe governed sources contributed to the assessment.
A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.
This maturity index describes evidence-base development and governance. It is not a probability of efficacy, safety, truth, medical advice, or regulatory approval. Read the methodology.
Authors
Xu H, Li F, Li B, Yang D, Liu T, Xia Y, Hua H, Li Q, Wang J, Liu H, Xu Z.
Matteucci C, Minutolo A, Balestrieri E, Petrone V, Fanelli M, Malagnino V, Ianetta M, Giovinazzo A, Barreca F, Di Cesare S, De Marco P, Miele MT, Toschi N, Mastino A, Sinibaldi Vallebona P, Bernardini S, Rogliani P, Sarmati L, Andreoni M, Grelli S, Garaci E.
Dominari A, Hathaway Iii D, Pandav K, Matos W, Biswas S, Reddy G, Thevuthasan S, Khan MA, Mathew A, Makkar SS, Zaidi M, Fahem MMM, Beas R, Castaneda V, Paul T, Halpern J, Baralt D.