Thymosin alpha-1

World Peptide Foundation

Where is Thymosin alpha-1 being studied?

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Scientific intelligence record

Experience 2.0

Immune-modulating thymic peptide

Also known as: Thymalfasin, Thymosin α1, Tα1, Zadaxin

Thymosin alpha-1 (thymalfasin) is an N-terminally acetylated 28-amino-acid peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue and corresponding to a region of prothymosin alpha. It has context-dependent immunomodulatory effects involving dendritic-cell maturation, innate pattern-recognition signaling, T-cell function, cytokine regulation, and restoration of immune responsiveness; these mechanisms do not imply benefit for every immune or infectious condition.

Record status

Traceability partial

Last meaningful update: 9/8/2026

Evidence searched through:: Not recorded
Assessment updated:: 9/8/2026
Documented human review:: No documented human review recorded
Automated scientific assessment:: 9/8/2026
AI source check:: 9/26/2026

Published source links and profile text pass separate gates. Only a documented human review is labelled as human review; an automated scientific assessment applies deterministic checks, and an AI source check confirms only that a source exists and matches its identifiers. A source count alone does not establish a review.

Evidence coverage has three distinct layers. The corpus count is a transparent screening inventory, the featured set contains study-level tiering and interpretation, and the published-source count contains records promoted through the institutional publication workflow. Source validation, editorial publication, and scientific appraisal are separate decisions; these numbers must not be merged.

Ranked research corpus

500

Categorized publications with provisional ranking; scientific review remains separate.

Featured tiered studies

Cornerstone publications with study-level interpretation, limitations, and tier disclosure.

Research domains

Clinical and scientific questions synthesized independently across the evidence atlas.

Published source records

Database records promoted through the governed publication workflow—not the corpus total.

Corpus generated 2026-09-18. Counts remain separately labeled so screening is not represented as completed review.

Human experience · separate evidence stream

No community pattern is displayed yet

Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.

Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.

Public display gate

n ≥ 20 eligible observations

Exact progress remains private before the threshold.

Contribute an observation Archive details

Intelligence snapshot

The state of the record

A compact view of what is represented, what remains unresolved, and how completely the record can be traced.

Ranked research corpus

500

Categorized screening records; proposed rankings remain pending human appraisal.

Featured tiered studies

Cornerstone studies with published study-level interpretation and tier disclosure.

Research domains

Independent evidence dossiers covering the major research questions.

Published source records

Source records published through the governed workflow; this count does not certify scientific conclusions.

Contradictions

Conflicting evidence relationships that remain visible.

Research gaps

Questions the current record identifies as unresolved.

Connected media

Media records explicitly linked to this scientific record.

What we know

Evidence, claims, and boundaries

The project separates represented evidence from qualification, contradiction, uncertainty, and what the evidence does not establish.

Reconciled domain conclusions

6 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

Thymosin alpha-1 no longer relies on the legacy “no public claim” state. Each research domain publishes a bounded synthesis, confidence level, evidence context, limitations, geographic applicability, regulatory interpretation, and research gaps. Publication of these syntheses is separate from the scientific review status shown above.

Inspect the reconciled evidence atlas

Evidence boundary

Featured evidence

Domain links

See graph

Contradicting

With explicit limits

What this does not establish

• The literature includes randomized and nonrandomized clinical studies, systematic reviews, and mechanistic research across chronic viral hepatitis, cancer adjunct therapy, severe infection, immune dysfunction, and COVID-19. Results vary substantially by indication and study quality. Thymalfasin has been marketed in some countries, but no FDA- or centrally EMA-approved indication was identified in the September 2026 review.
• Clinical studies often describe acceptable short-term tolerability, but safety must be interpreted by indication, population, concomitant therapy, product, and duration. Injection reactions, hypersensitivity, immune-mediated effects, interactions with immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory therapy, and uncertainty in pregnancy, pediatrics, autoimmune disease, transplantation, and prolonged use require careful evaluation.
• The presence of published evidence does not by itself establish safety, efficacy, causation or clinical benefit.

Inspect the published evidence record25 governed records · titles, provenance, and original-source linksOpen records ↓

2021Phase 1–2 human evidence

Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 68/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 80/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 55/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Authors: Liu J, Shen Y, Wen Z, Xu Q, Wu Z, Feng H, Li Z, Dong X, Huang S, Guo J, Zhang L, Chen Y, Li W, Zhu W, Du H, Liu Y, Wang T, Chen L, Teboul JL, Annane D, Chen D.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673693
PubMed: 34408744

Open original source

2026Phase 1–2 human evidence

Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 68/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 80/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 55/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trial.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trial.

Authors: Xu H, Li F, Li B, Yang D, Liu T, Xia Y, Hua H, Li Q, Wang J, Liu H, Xu Z.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-026-04740-z
PubMed: 41749205

Open original source

2023Phase 1–2 human evidence

Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 68/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 80/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 55/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.

Authors: Shehadeh F, Benitez G, Mylona EK, Tran QL, Tsikala-Vafea M, Atalla E, Kaczynski M, Mylonakis E.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac362
PubMed: 36056913

Open original source

2020Phase 1–2 human evidence

Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 68/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 80/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 55/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.

Authors: Matteucci C, Minutolo A, Balestrieri E, Petrone V, Fanelli M, Malagnino V, Ianetta M, Giovinazzo A, Barreca F, Di Cesare S, De Marco P, Miele MT, Toschi N, Mastino A, Sinibaldi Vallebona P, Bernardini S, Rogliani P, Sarmati L, Andreoni M, Grelli S, Garaci E.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa588
PubMed: 33506065

Open original source

2004Phase 1–2 human evidence

Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 68/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 80/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 55/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Authors: Liaw YF.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
PubMed: 15641208

Open original source

2010Phase 1–2 human evidence

Evidence strength B · 77/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 68/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 80/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 55/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma.

Authors: Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, Trefzer U, Ferraresi V, Jassem J, Garbe C, Lesimple T, Guillot B, Gascon P, Gilde K, Camerini R, Cognetti F; Thymosin Melanoma Investigation Group.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2009.25.5208
PubMed: 20194853

Open original source

2019Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bioactive Thymosin Alpha-1 Does Not Influence F508del-CFTR Maturation and Activity.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Bioactive Thymosin Alpha-1 Does Not Influence F508del-CFTR Maturation and Activity.

Authors: Armirotti A, Tomati V, Matthes E, Veit G, Cholon DM, Phuan PW, Braccia C, Guidone D, Gentzsch M, Lukacs GL, Verkman AS, Galietta LJV, Hanrahan JW, Pedemonte N.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46639-1
PubMed: 31311979

Open original source

2015Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.

Authors: Wu X, Jia J, You H.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1007948
PubMed: 25640173

Open original source

1991Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha.

Authors: Manrow RE, Sburlati AR, Hanover JA, Berger SL.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
PubMed: 1899869

Open original source

2020Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 73/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 58/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 60/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 70/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.

Authors: Dominari A, Hathaway Iii D, Pandav K, Matos W, Biswas S, Reddy G, Thevuthasan S, Khan MA, Mathew A, Makkar SS, Zaidi M, Fahem MMM, Beas R, Castaneda V, Paul T, Halpern J, Baralt D.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67
PubMed: 33362999

Open original source

1996Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin alpha 1 does not promote growth or oncogenic transformation.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha 1 does not promote growth or oncogenic transformation.

Authors: Naylor PH, Smith MR, Mutchnick MG, Naylor CW, Dosescu J, Skunca M, Moshier JA.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(96)00032-x
PubMed: 8933211

Open original source

2022Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.

Authors: Wei YT, Wang XR, Yan C, Huang F, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wen ZF, Sun XT, Zhang Y, Chen YQ, Gao R, Pan N, Wang LX.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-21-4260
PubMed: 35364609

Open original source

2025Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.

Authors: Simonova MA, Ivanov I, Shoshina NS, Komyakova AM, Makarov DA, Baranovskii DS, Klabukov ID, Telepenina KP, Atiakshin DA, Shegay PV, Kaprin AD, Stepanenko VN.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.3390/ijms262311470
PubMed: 41373628

Open original source

2023Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.

Authors: Wei Y, Zhang Y, Li P, Yan C, Wang L.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109744
PubMed: 36812669

Open original source

2024Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.

Authors: Liu K, Kong L, Cui H, Zhang L, Xin Q, Zhuang Y, Guo C, Yao Y, Tao J, Gu X, Jiang C, Wu J.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101751
PubMed: 39357524

Open original source

1987Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Prothymosin alpha in human blood.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Prothymosin alpha in human blood.

Authors: Panneerselvam C, Haritos AA, Caldarella J, Horecker BL.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.13.4465
PubMed: 3474615

Open original source

1989Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain.

Authors: Su YL, Ho KL, Dalakas MC, Mutchnick MG.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1002/ana.410260216
PubMed: 2774514

Open original source

2018Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin α-1 does not correct F508del-CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin α-1 does not correct F508del-CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.

Authors: Tomati V, Caci E, Ferrera L, Pesce E, Sondo E, Cholon DM, Quinney NL, Boyles SE, Armirotti A, Ravazzolo R, Galietta LJ, Gentzsch M, Pedemonte N.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98699
PubMed: 29415893

Open original source

2007Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside.

Authors: Garaci E, Favalli C, Pica F, Sinibaldi Vallebona P, Palamara AT, Matteucci C, Pierimarchi P, Serafino A, Mastino A, Bistoni F, Romani L, Rasi G.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1415.044
PubMed: 17600290

Open original source

2001Observational human evidence

Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 56/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 72/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 50/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin alpha-1.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha-1.

Authors: Ancell CD, Phipps J, Young L.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/58.10.886
PubMed: 11381492

Open original source

1995Animal research

Evidence strength C · 62/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 46/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 25/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Immunotherapy with natural interleukins and/or thymosin alpha 1 potently augments T-lymphocyte responses of hydrocortisone-treated aged mice.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Immunotherapy with natural interleukins and/or thymosin alpha 1 potently augments T-lymphocyte responses of hydrocortisone-treated aged mice.

Authors: Hadden JW, Saha A, Sosa M, Hadden EM.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(95)00069-e
PubMed: 8707447

Open original source

1985Animal research

Evidence strength C · 62/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 46/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 25/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes.

Authors: Rinaldi Garaci C, Torrisi MR, Jezzi T, Frati L, Goldstein AL, Garaci E.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(85)90051-6
PubMed: 3882244

Open original source

1983Animal research

Evidence strength C · 62/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 46/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 25/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin alpha 1 restores NK-cell activity and prevents tumor progression in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-rays.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin alpha 1 restores NK-cell activity and prevents tumor progression in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-rays.

Authors: Umeda Y, Sakamoto A, Nakamura J, Ishitsuka H, Yagi Y.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1007/BF00199694
PubMed: 6553515

Open original source

2026Laboratory research

Evidence strength C · 61/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 44/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 25/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells.

Authors: Wei Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu F, Wang X, Zhou X, Wu C, Zhang W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Pan N, Chen K, Zheng S, Yan C, Liu L, Wang L.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-25-5547
PubMed: 42295795

Open original source

2025Laboratory research

Evidence strength C · 61/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Source authority: 80/100
Study design and bias control: 44/100
Directness: 92/100
Population relevance: 25/100
Reporting quality: 70/100
Replication: 45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets.

This PubMed-indexed source examines thymosin alpha-1 in the context described by its title: The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets.

Authors: Solmonese L, Lofiego MF, Fazio C, Marzani F, Piazzini F, Bello E, Celesti F, Giacobini G, Wang X, Maio M, Coral S, Di Giacomo AM, Covre A.
Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S527785
PubMed: 40955371

Open original source

Scientific context

Chemistry and represented biological context

Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.

Open chemistry and biological context ↓

Chemical identity

Molecular and structural record

Structured record

Molecular formula: C129H215N33O55
Molecular weight (Da): 3108.3
Amino acid sequence: Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN

Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.

Explore further

Continue through the research system

Move from this peptide record into the project's broader evidence, research, comparison, and methodology systems.

Compare peptides

Examine represented peptide records side by side.

Evidence system

Explore how scientific evidence is represented and reviewed.

Research hub

Enter the broader research and intelligence environment.

Methodology

Review project methods, boundaries, and interpretation rules.

Research

How the scientific record is developing

Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.

Research chronology

1983 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha 1 restores NK-cell activity and prevents tumor progression in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-rays.
peer_reviewed_research
1985 · study · Temporal status not established
Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes.
peer_reviewed_research
1987 · study · Temporal status not established
Prothymosin alpha in human blood.
peer_reviewed_research
1989 · study · Temporal status not established
Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain.
peer_reviewed_research
1991 · study · Temporal status not established
Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha.
peer_reviewed_research
1995 · study · Temporal status not established
Immunotherapy with natural interleukins and/or thymosin alpha 1 potently augments T-lymphocyte responses of hydrocortisone-treated aged mice.
peer_reviewed_research
1996 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha 1 does not promote growth or oncogenic transformation.
peer_reviewed_research
2001 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha-1.
peer_reviewed_research
2004 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
peer_reviewed_research
2007 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside.
peer_reviewed_research
2010 · study · Temporal status not established
Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma.
peer_reviewed_research
2015 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.
peer_reviewed_research
2018 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin α-1 does not correct F508del-CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.
peer_reviewed_research
2019 · study · Temporal status not established
Bioactive Thymosin Alpha-1 Does Not Influence F508del-CFTR Maturation and Activity.
peer_reviewed_research
2020 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.
peer_reviewed_research
2020 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.
peer_reviewed_research
2021 · study · Temporal status not established
Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.
peer_reviewed_research
2022 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.
peer_reviewed_research
2023 · study · Temporal status not established
A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.
peer_reviewed_research
2023 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.
peer_reviewed_research
2024 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.
peer_reviewed_research
2025 · study · Temporal status not established
Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.
peer_reviewed_research
2025 · study · Temporal status not established
The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets.
peer_reviewed_research
2026 · study · Temporal status not established
Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trial.
peer_reviewed_research
2026 · study · Temporal status not established
Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells.
peer_reviewed_research
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
Regulatory review: not_approved
European Union (EMA)
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
Regulatory review: not_approved
United States (FDA)

The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.

What still needs investigation

Claim traceability

No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2021, 2026

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Connections

Follow the scientific relationships

Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.

Open 1 represented connection ↓

institution

peer_reviewed_research

represented evidence source

Traceability

Follow the record back to its source

The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.

Source publication state

A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.

Reviewer provenance state

“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.

Domain conclusion → Evidence

Connected

Evidence → Source

Connected

Source → Original record

Connected

Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.

Reconciled for 6 domain conclusions and 0 featured studies.

Detailed study-to-domain mappings and original-source paths appear in the Thymosin alpha-1 evidence-governance section.

Inspect the ranked source records

Observational archive

What contributors reported

Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.

Observational boundary

Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.

Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.

Regulatory context

Published jurisdictional records

Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.

European Union (EMA)

Regulator: EMA

not_approved

As of: 9/8/2026 · Temporal status not established

European Medicines Agency medicines database

United States (FDA)

Regulator: FDA

not_approved

As of: 9/8/2026 · Temporal status not established

Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs

Research + media

Media connected to this scientific record

Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.

No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.

Sources + provenance

Read the scientific record with its boundaries intact

The public record organizes reviewed evidence; it does not establish scientific truth by itself.

Association, mechanism, observation and regulatory status must not be represented as proof of clinical efficacy or safety.

Observational reports describe contributor experiences and cannot establish causation, effectiveness, safety or clinical benefit.

Contradictory and qualifying evidence must remain visible rather than being silently discarded.

Absence of represented evidence is not evidence that research does not exist.

Research gaps identify unresolved questions; they are not negative conclusions.

Regulatory status is distinct from scientific evidence quality.

Media relationships provide context and explanation; they do not increase the strength of scientific evidence.

A section with no represented records is an incomplete project record, not a scientific conclusion.

Researcher and institutional relationships are shown only when supported by represented records and must not be interpreted as rankings or endorsements.

Generated: 11/8/2026, 5:28:55 PM

global evidence atlas

Thymosin alpha-1 research, ranked and separated by purpose

This is a deduplicated literature screening registry—not a claim that every mention directly proves efficacy or safety. Machine proposals remain visibly separate from governed human appraisal.

570Discoverable source universe

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41824632 · DOI 10.1080/21505594.2026.2645858

preclinical-animal

#24Proposed tier Unassignedhuman observationalAwaiting human appraisal

[Risk factors of death in patients with bloodstream infections in a medical intensive care unit].

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42563676 · DOI 10.3760/cma.j.cn121430-20260205-00076

human-observational

#25Proposed tier Unassignedhuman interventionalAwaiting human appraisal

A preliminary analysis of integrating thymosin α1 into concurrent chemoradiotherapy and consolidative immunotherapy in unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Europe PMC · 2025 · PMID 40799433 · DOI 10.21037/tlcr-2025-190

human-interventional

Count reconciliation: 570 discoverable source records match the peptide identity query; 500 are retained in this bounded, ranked screening view; 0 belong to the separate governed layer labeled “Accountably approved conclusions.” Domain totals overlap because one publication may inform several questions.

governance and regulatory context

Thymosin alpha-1: what this atlas does and does not establish

Last checked: 2026-09-18
Accountable publication approval: Not yet approved by a named accountable reviewer. Machine screening only.

No new outcome conclusion is inferred from discovery metadata. Named accountable approval is required for governed scientific conclusions.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction

Absence of a record in this pass is not proof that no authorization exists. Status must remain jurisdiction-, product-, formulation-, and date-specific.

European Union (EMA)not approvedchecked 2026-09-08
No centrally authorized EMA thymosin alpha-1 or thymalfasin medicine was identified in the EMA medicines database as of 8 September 2026.
European Medicines Agency medicines database
United States (FDA)not approvedchecked 2026-09-08
No FDA-approved thymosin alpha-1 or thymalfasin drug product or therapeutic indication was identified in Drugs@FDA as of 8 September 2026.
Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs

Known limitations of this pass

no patent candidate retained after literal filter

25 of 500 screening records carry a machine-proposed evidence-strength grade; the remainder are unassigned pending further review.

Thymosin alpha-1 evidence · ranking key

How evidence is ranked

A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.

Practice-defining evidence

Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.

Strong supporting evidence

Smaller randomized trials, strong prospective cohorts, prespecified secondary analyses, and high-quality comparative-effectiveness studies.

Contextual evidence

Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.

Signal-generating evidence

Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.

Tier and confidence answer different questions

Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.

Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.

Suggested citation

APA
World Peptide Foundation. (n.d.). Thymosin alpha-1 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation. (Updated September 8, 2026.) https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/thymosin-alpha-1
AMA / Vancouver
World Peptide Foundation. Thymosin alpha-1 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation website. Updated September 8, 2026. https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/thymosin-alpha-1

Where is Thymosin alpha-1 being studied?

Thymosin alpha-1

No community pattern is displayed yet

The state of the record

Evidence, claims, and boundaries

6 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trial.

A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.

Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.

Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma.

Bioactive Thymosin Alpha-1 Does Not Influence F508del-CFTR Maturation and Activity.

Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.

Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha.

Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.

Thymosin alpha 1 does not promote growth or oncogenic transformation.

Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.

Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.

Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.

Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.

Prothymosin alpha in human blood.

Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain.

Thymosin α-1 does not correct F508del-CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.

Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside.

Thymosin alpha-1.

Immunotherapy with natural interleukins and/or thymosin alpha 1 potently augments T-lymphocyte responses of hydrocortisone-treated aged mice.

Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes.

Thymosin alpha 1 restores NK-cell activity and prevents tumor progression in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-rays.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells.

The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets.

Chemistry and represented biological context

Molecular and structural record

Continue through the research system

Research discovery

How the scientific record is developing

Research chronology

Thymosin alpha 1 restores NK-cell activity and prevents tumor progression in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-rays.

Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes.

Prothymosin alpha in human blood.

Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain.

Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha.

Immunotherapy with natural interleukins and/or thymosin alpha 1 potently augments T-lymphocyte responses of hydrocortisone-treated aged mice.

Thymosin alpha 1 does not promote growth or oncogenic transformation.

Thymosin alpha-1.

Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside.

Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma.

Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.

Thymosin α-1 does not correct F508del-CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.

Bioactive Thymosin Alpha-1 Does Not Influence F508del-CFTR Maturation and Activity.

Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.

Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.

Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.

A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.

Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.

Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.

Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.

The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets.

Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trial.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells.

Regulatory review: not_approved

Regulatory review: not_approved

What still needs investigation

Claim traceability

Garaci E

Wang X

Wei Y

Yan C

Zhang Y

Armirotti A

Chen Y

Cholon DM

Galietta LJ

Garaci E.

Gentzsch M

Liu Y

Follow the scientific relationships

peer_reviewed_research