Pramlintide

Overview

Pramlintide is an amylin analog investigated in metabolic care. Evidence about this specific compound must be separated from evidence about newer long-acting amylin analogs and combinations.

Evidence quality

WPF’s atlas includes reviews of amylin receptor strategies and metabolic outcomes, but many entries discuss the broader drug class rather than direct pramlintide trials. The screening inventory is a map of questions, not a source-linked conclusion for each use.

Safety concerns

No published source-linked citations or jurisdiction-specific regulatory records are attached to this Directory entry. Class-level reviews and results from other analogs cannot substitute for direct evidence about pramlintide, its studied population, and its safety.

Citations as of this version

• QBD Approach for Design and Characterization of Pramlintide Microspheres for Controlled Drug Release
• Polysaccharide-peptide complexes stabilized around nanoemulsion droplets: A new approach for nasal delivering of pramlintide and insulin
• Injectable Biodegradable Silica Depot: Two Months of Sustained Release of the Blood Glucose Lowering Peptide, Pramlintide.
• Correction to: Liraglutide versus pramlintide in protecting against cognitive function impairment through affecting PI3K/AKT/GSK‑3β/TTBK1 pathway and decreasing Tau hyperphosphorylation in high‑fat dietstreptozocin rat model.
• Intranasal administration of dextran-pramlintide polyelectrolyte complex-coated nanoemulsions improves cognitive impairments in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
• Oral delivery of the amylin receptor agonist pramlintide
• Dextran Sulfate/Pramlintide Polyelectrolyte Nanoparticles as a Promising Delivery System: Optimization, Evaluation of Supramolecular Interactions and Effect on Conformational Stability of the Peptide Drug
• Ultra-fast insulin-pramlintide co-formulation for improved glucose management in diabetic rats
• Slow post-induction specific growth rate enhances recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: Pramlintide multimer and ranibizumab production as case studies
• Effect of Zn(II) on pramlintide: structural kink, fibril formation, antifungal activity
• Development and validation of a new robust RP-HPLC method for simultaneous quantitation of insulin and pramlintide in non-invasive and smart glucose-responsive microparticles.
• Dual-Hormone Insulin-and-Pramlintide Artificial Pancreas for Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
• Intranasal pramlintide matches intraperitoneal effects on food intake and gastric emptying in mice. (2025)
• In silico evaluation of pramlintide dosing algorithms in artificial pancreas systems. (2025)
• A Pilot Outpatient Assessment of a Fully Closed-Loop Insulin and Pramlintide System. (2025)
• Central pramlintide administration potently suppresses operant responding for sucrose and locomotor activity in male rats. (2025)
• Pramlintide an Adjunct to Insulin Therapy: Challenges and Recent Progress in Delivery. (2024)
• A temperature-responsive dual-hormone foam nanoengine improves rectal absorptivity of insulin-pramlintide for diabetes treatment. (2024)
• Simple meal announcements and pramlintide delivery versus carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes with automated fast-acting insulin aspart delivery: a randomised crossover trial in Montreal, Canada. (2024)
• ADO09, a co-formulation of pramlintide and insulin A21G, lowers body weight versus insulin lispro in type 1 diabetes. (2024)
• A model of subcutaneous pramlintide pharmacokinetics and its effect on gastric emptying: Proof-of-concept based on populational data. (2024)
• Liraglutide versus pramlintide in protecting against cognitive function impairment through affecting PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/TTBK1 pathway and decreasing Tau hyperphosphorylation in high-fat diet- streptozocin rat model. (2024)
• Chronic pramlintide decreases feeding via a reduction in meal size in male rats. (2024)
• A co-formulation of pramlintide and insulin A21G (ADO09) improves postprandial glucose and short-term control of mean glucose, time in range, and body weight versus insulin aspart in adults with type 1 diabetes. (2023)
• Contraction of human brain vascular pericytes in response to islet amyloid polypeptide is reversed by pramlintide. (2023)
• Pramlintide for post-bariatric hypoglycaemia. (2022)
• Zn(II) binding to pramlintide results in a structural kink, fibril formation and antifungal activity. (2022)
• Pramlintide: An Amylin Analogue Protects Endothelial Cells against Oxidative Stress through Regulating Oxidative Markers and NF-κb Expression. (2022)
• Pramlintide: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Osteosarcoma through Metabolic Reprogramming. (2022)
• Amylin Analog Pramlintide Induces Migraine-like Attacks in Patients. (2021)
• ADO09, a co-formulation of the amylin analogue pramlintide and the insulin analogue A21G, lowers postprandial blood glucose versus insulin lispro in type 1 diabetes. (2021)
• Ultra-Fast Insulin-Pramlintide Co-Formulation for Improved Glucose Management in Diabetic Rats. (2021)
• Effects of pramlintide on energy intake and food preference in rats given a choice diet. (2021)
• Alleviating carbohydrate counting with a FiASP-plus-pramlintide closed-loop delivery system (artificial pancreas): Feasibility and pilot studies. (2021)
• The effect of pramlintide, an antidiabetic amylin analogue, on angiogenesis-related markers <i>in vitro</i>. (2020)
• A co-formulation of supramolecularly stabilized insulin and pramlintide enhances mealtime glucagon suppression in diabetic pigs. (2020)
• Rediscovery of the Second β-Cell Hormone: Co-replacement With Pramlintide and Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes. (2020)
• A Novel Dual-Hormone Insulin-and-Pramlintide Artificial Pancreas for Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. (2020)
• Amylin and pramlintide modulate γ-secretase level and APP processing in lipid rafts. (2020)
• Neuroprotective Effects of the Amylin Analog, Pramlintide, on Alzheimer's Disease Are Associated with Oxidative Stress Regulation Mechanisms. (2019)
• Pramlintide but Not Liraglutide Suppresses Meal-Stimulated Glucagon Responses in Type 1 Diabetes. (2018)
• Physico-chemical properties of co-formulated fast-acting insulin with pramlintide. (2018)
• Control of Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes by 24-Hour Fixed-Dose Coadministration of Pramlintide and Regular Human Insulin: A Randomized, Two-Way Crossover Study. (2018)
• Pramlintide, an antidiabetic, is antineoplastic in colorectal cancer and synergizes with conventional chemotherapy. (2018)
• Pramlintide: The Effects of a Single Drug Injection on Blood Phosphatidylcholine Profile for Alzheimer's Disease. (2018)
• Study of forced degradation behavior of pramlintide acetate by HPLC and LC-MS. (2018)
• Pramlintide regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and apoptosis through mitochondrial-dependent pathways in human nucleus pulposus cells. (2018)
• Pramlintide Antagonizes Beta Amyloid (Aβ)- and Human Amylin-Induced Depression of Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation. (2017)
• Zn(II) - pramlintide: Stability, binding sites and unexpected aggregation. (2017)
• Efficacy and safety of pramlintide injection adjunct to insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2017)
• Be positive: optimizing pramlintide from microcanonical analysis of amylin isoforms. (2017)
• Mitigating Meal-Related Glycemic Excursions in an Insulin-Sparing Manner During Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery: The Beneficial Effects of Adjunctive Pramlintide and Liraglutide. (2016)
• Amyloidogenesis of the amylin analogue pramlintide. (2016)
• Effect of Pramlintide on Postprandial Glucose Fluxes in Type 1 Diabetes. (2016)
• Impact of Disease Duration on the Effects of Pramlintide in Type 1 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of Three Clinical Trials. (2016)
• Synthesis and amylin receptor activity of glycomimetics of pramlintide using click chemistry. (2016)
• Fixed ratio dosing of pramlintide with regular insulin before a standard meal in patients with type 1 diabetes. (2015)
• Analysis of the ability of pramlintide to inhibit amyloid formation by human islet amyloid polypeptide reveals a balance between optimal recognition and reduced amyloidogenicity. (2015)
• Convergent chemoenzymatic synthesis of a library of glycosylated analogues of pramlintide: structure-activity relationships for amylin receptor agonism. (2014)
• Activity of pramlintide, rat and human amylin but not Aβ1-42 at human amylin receptors. (2014)
• Expression, purification, and biological activity of the recombinant pramlintide precursor. (2014)
• A model of glucose-insulin-pramlintide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in type I diabetes. (2014)
• Neuroprotective effects of the amylin analogue pramlintide on Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and cognition. (2014)
• Effects of pramlintide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis using daily insulin dose tertiles. (2014)
• Pramlintide improved measures of glycemic control and body weight in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus undergoing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. (2013)
• Novel therapies for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: part 1. pramlintide and bromocriptine-QR. (2013)
• In silico design of optimal ratio for co-administration of pramlintide and insulin in type 1 diabetes. (2013)
• Study reanalysis using a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of pramlintide in subjects with type 1 diabetes. (2013)
• Recent and emerging therapeutic medications in type 2 diabetes mellitus: incretin-based, Pramlintide, Colesevelam, SGLT2 Inhibitors, Tagatose, Succinobucol. (2013)
• Glycosylation of pramlintide: synthetic glycopeptides that display in vitro and in vivo activities as amylin receptor agonists. (2013)
• [D-Leu-4]-OB3, a synthetic peptide amide with leptin-like activity, augments the effects of orally delivered exenatide and pramlintide acetate on energy balance and glycemic control in insulin-resistant male C57BLK/6-m db/db mice. (2012)
• Pramlintide: profile of an amylin analog. (2012)
• Pramlintide (2012)
• Effect of pramlintide on prandial glycemic excursions during closed-loop control in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. (2012)
• Pramlintide and the treatment of diabetes: a review of the data since its introduction. (2011)
• Primer on pramlintide, an amylin analog. (2011)
• The effect of pramlintide acetate on glycemic control and weight in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in obese patients without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2011)
• Enhanced weight loss following coadministration of pramlintide with sibutramine or phentermine in a multicenter trial. (2010)
• The role of pramlintide for weight loss. (2010)
• Dose accuracy and injection force of disposable pens delivering pramlintide for the treatment of diabetes. (2010)
• Patient reported outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin randomized to addition of mealtime pramlintide or rapid-acting insulin analogs. (2010)
• Efficacy and harms of the hypoglycemic agent pramlintide in diabetes mellitus. (2010)
• Safety of pramlintide added to mealtime insulin in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: a large observational study. (2010)
• Comparison of the post-meal glucose response to different insulin bolus waveforms in insulin pump- and pre-meal pramlintide-treated type 1 diabetes patients. (2010)
• Psychometric properties of an instrument for assessing treatment satisfaction associated with pramlintide use. (2009)
• Randomized comparison of pramlintide or mealtime insulin added to basal insulin treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes. (2009)
• Reducing postprandial hyperglycemia with adjuvant premeal pramlintide and postmeal insulin in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. (2009)
• Solution state structures of human pancreatic amylin and pramlintide. (2009)
• Enhanced weight loss with pramlintide/metreleptin: an integrated neurohormonal approach to obesity pharmacotherapy. (2009)
• Review of pramlintide as adjunctive therapy in treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (2009)
• Minimal reduction in insulin dosage with pramlintide therapy when pretreatment near-normal glycemia is established and square-wave meal bolus is used. (2009)
• Pramlintide in pediatric type 1 diabetes. (2009)
• A pilot trial of pramlintide home usage in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. (2009)
• Pramlintide lowered glucose excursions and was well-tolerated in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results from a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. (2009)
• Continuous subcutaneous pramlintide infusion therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes: observations from a pilot study. (2009)
• Pramlintide in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (2008)
• Effect of pramlintide as an adjunct to basal insulin on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. (2008)
• Pramlintide, the synthetic analogue of amylin: physiology, pathophysiology, and effects on glycemic control, body weight, and selected biomarkers of vascular risk. (2008)
• Diabetes distress and its association with clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy. (2008)
• Pramlintide reduces the risks associated with glucose variability in type 1 diabetes. (2008)
• Sustained weight loss following 12-month pramlintide treatment as an adjunct to lifestyle intervention in obesity. (2008)
• Pramlintide reduced markers of oxidative stress in the postprandial period in patients with type 2 diabetes. (2008)
• Clinical experience with the addition of pramlintide in patients with insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes. (2008)
• A biophysical characterization of the peptide drug pramlintide (AC137) using empirical phase diagrams. (2008)
• Pramlintide treatment reduces 24-h caloric intake and meal sizes and improves control of eating in obese subjects: a 6-wk translational research study. (2007)
• Pramlintide improved glycemic control and reduced weight in patients with type 2 diabetes using basal insulin. (2007)
• Assessing treatment satisfaction in patients treated with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy. (2007)
• Therapies for diabetes: pramlintide and exenatide. (2007)
• Pramlintide acetate injection for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2007)
• Pharmacokinetics of an oral drug (acetaminophen) administered at various times relative to subcutaneous injection of pramlintide in subjects with type 2 diabetes. (2007)
• Is pramlintide a safe and effective adjunct therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes? (2007)
• Low-dose pramlintide reduced food intake and meal duration in healthy, normal-weight subjects. (2007)
• Pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes in a clinical practice setting reduced A1C, postprandial glucose excursions, and weight. (2007)
• The role of prandial pramlintide in the treatment of adolescents with type 1 diabetes. (2007)
• Effect of adjunctive pramlintide treatment on treatment satisfaction in patients with type 1 diabetes. (2007)
• Progressive reduction in body weight after treatment with the amylin analog pramlintide in obese subjects: a phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study. (2007)
• Exenatide and pramlintide: new therapies for diabetes. (2006)
• Pramlintide: A new tool in diabetes management. (2006)
• Pramlintide (2006)
• Use of Pramlintide: The Patient's Perspective (2006)
• Pramlintide in the treatment of diabetes. (2006)
• Pramlintide in the management of insulin-using patients with type 2 and type 1 diabetes. (2006)
• Update in the pharmacologic treatment of diabetes mellitus: focus on pramlintide and exenatide. (2006)
• Exenatide and pramlintide: new glucose-lowering agents for treating diabetes mellitus. (2006)
• Adjunctive therapy with pramlintide in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2006)
• A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessing pramlintide treatment in the setting of intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. (2006)
• Diabetes basics. Exenatide and pramlintide. New meds on the block. (2006)
• Effects of pramlintide on postprandial glucose excursions and measures of oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes. (2005)
• Pramlintide (symlin) for diabetes. (2005)
• The effect of pramlintide on hormonal, metabolic or symptomatic responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. (2005)
• Effect of pramlintide on satiety and food intake in obese subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. (2005)
• Properties of pramlintide and insulin upon mixing. (2005)
• Pramlintide in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2005)
• Pramlintide acetate. (2005)
• Adjunctive therapy with pramlintide lowers HbA1c without concomitant weight gain and increased risk of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes approaching glycemic targets. (2005)
• New drugs: exenatide, pramlintide acetate, and micafungin sodium. (2005)
• Effect of pramlintide on weight in overweight and obese insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients. (2004)
• Pramlintide for the treatment of insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus: rationale and review of clinical data. (2004)
• Effect of pramlintide on symptom, catecholamine, and glucagon responses to hypoglycemia in healthy subjects. (2004)
• Pramlintide reduces postprandial glucose excursions when added to insulin lispro in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a dose-timing study. (2004)
• Amylin replacement with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycaemic and weight control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year, randomized controlled trial. (2004)
• Effect of pramlintide on A1C and body weight in insulin-treated African Americans and Hispanics with type 2 diabetes: a pooled post hoc analysis. (2003)
• Pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycemic and weight control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. (2003)
• Pramlintide reduces postprandial glucose excursions when added to regular insulin or insulin lispro in subjects with type 1 diabetes: a dose-timing study. (2003)
• Pramlintide: (AC 137, AC 0137, Symlin, Tripro-Amylin). (2003)
• Pramlintide for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (2003)
• Impact of pramlintide on glucose fluctuations and postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions among patients with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with insulin pumps. (2003)
• Ex vivo human placental transfer of the peptides pramlintide and exenatide (synthetic exendin-4). (2003)
• Addition of pramlintide to insulin therapy lowers HbA1c in conjunction with weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes approaching glycaemic targets. (2003)
• Adjunctive therapy with the amylin analogue pramlintide leads to a combined improvement in glycemic and weight control in insulin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes. (2002)
• Pramlintide: an agent for glycemic control plus weight control? (2002)
• Anti-diabetogenic effect of the human amylin analogue, pramlintide, in Type 1 diabetes is not mediated by GLP-1. (2002)
• The human amylin analog, pramlintide, reduces postprandial hyperglucagonemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2002)
• The human amylin analog, pramlintide, corrects postprandial hyperglucagonemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. (2002)
• Is pramlintide an adjunct to insulin therapy? (2002)
• A randomized study and open-label extension evaluating the long-term efficacy of pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. (2002)
• Effects of pramlintide, an amylin analogue, on gastric emptying in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. (2002)
• Amylin replacement with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a physiological approach toward improved metabolic control. (2001)
• Pramlintide (Amylin). (2001)
• Pramlintide: FDA wants more. (2001)
• Pramlintide, an amylin analog, selectively delays gastric emptying: potential role of vagal inhibition. (2000)
• Orthogonal HPLC methods for quantitating related substances and degradation products of pramlintide. (2000)
• Pramlintide injection drug product robustness studies. (2000)
• Kinetics of pramlintide degradation in aqueous solution as a function of temperature and pH. (2000)
• Pramlintide. AC 137, ACO 137, Normylin, Symlin, Tripro-amylin. (1999)
• Effects of the amylin analogue pramlintide on hepatic glucagon responses and intermediary metabolism in Type 1 diabetic subjects. (1999)
• USAN Council. List No. 419. New names. Pramlintide acetate. (1999)
• Isolation and identification of cyclic imide and deamidation products in heat stressed pramlintide injection drug product. (1999)
• The amylin analog pramlintide improves glycemic control and reduces postprandial glucagon concentrations in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. (1999)
• The effect of pramlintide (amylin analogue) treatment on bone metabolism and bone density in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. (1999)
• Nephrectomy decreases amylin and pramlintide clearance in rats. (1998)
• [Effects of pramlintide, an analog of amylin, on the regulation of glycemia]. (1998)
• The effect of single doses of pramlintide on gastric emptying of two meals in men with IDDM. (1998)
• Isolation and identification of peptide degradation products of heat stressed pramlintide injection drug product. (1998)
• Pramlintide, a synthetic analog of human amylin, improves the metabolic profile of patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin. The Pramlintide in Type 2 Diabetes Group. (1998)
• Pramlintide: a human amylin analogue reduced postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. (1997)
• Infusion of pramlintide, a human amylin analogue, delays gastric emptying in men with IDDM. (1997)
• Effects of pramlintide, an analog of human amylin, on plasma glucose profiles in patients with IDDM: results of a multicenter trial. (1997)
• Amylin and glycaemic regulation: a possible role for the human amylin analogue pramlintide. (1997)
• Effects of 4 weeks' administration of pramlintide, a human amylin analogue, on glycaemia control in patients with IDDM: effects on plasma glucose profiles and serum fructosamine concentrations. (1997)
• USAN Council. List No.392. New names. Pramlintide. (1997)
• Effects of Amylin and the Amylin Agonist Pramlintide on Glucose Metabolism (1997)
• Amylin's pramlintide best of bad bunch of diabetes drugs. (1997)
• Effect of 14 days' subcutaneous administration of the human amylin analogue, pramlintide (AC137), on an intravenous insulin challenge and response to a standard liquid meal in patients with IDDM. (1996)

Regulatory status as of this version

• European Union — EMA: not_approved
• United States — FDA: approved — SYMLIN (pramlintide) is indicated as an adjunctive treatment in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who use mealtime insulin therapy and who have failed to achieve desired glucose control despite optimal insulin therapy. Labeled pediatric use: safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.