Pramlintide

Overview

Pramlintide is an amylin analog investigated in metabolic care. Evidence about this specific compound must be separated from evidence about newer long-acting amylin analogs and combinations.

Evidence quality

WPF’s atlas includes reviews of amylin receptor strategies and metabolic outcomes, but many entries discuss the broader drug class rather than direct pramlintide trials. The screening inventory is a map of questions, not a source-linked conclusion for each use.

Safety concerns

No published source-linked citations or jurisdiction-specific regulatory records are attached to this Directory entry. Class-level reviews and results from other analogs cannot substitute for direct evidence about pramlintide, its studied population, and its safety.

Citations as of this version

• A Pilot Outpatient Assessment of a Fully Closed-Loop Insulin and Pramlintide System. (2025)
• Central pramlintide administration potently suppresses operant responding for sucrose and locomotor activity in male rats. (2025)
• In silico evaluation of pramlintide dosing algorithms in artificial pancreas systems. (2025)
• Intranasal pramlintide matches intraperitoneal effects on food intake and gastric emptying in mice. (2025)
• Chronic pramlintide decreases feeding via a reduction in meal size in male rats. (2024)
• ADO09, a co-formulation of pramlintide and insulin A21G, lowers body weight versus insulin lispro in type 1 diabetes. (2024)
• A temperature-responsive dual-hormone foam nanoengine improves rectal absorptivity of insulin-pramlintide for diabetes treatment. (2024)
• Liraglutide versus pramlintide in protecting against cognitive function impairment through affecting PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/TTBK1 pathway and decreasing Tau hyperphosphorylation in high-fat diet- streptozocin rat model. (2024)
• A model of subcutaneous pramlintide pharmacokinetics and its effect on gastric emptying: Proof-of-concept based on populational data. (2024)
• Simple meal announcements and pramlintide delivery versus carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes with automated fast-acting insulin aspart delivery: a randomised crossover trial in Montreal, Canada. (2024)
• Pramlintide an Adjunct to Insulin Therapy: Challenges and Recent Progress in Delivery. (2024)
• A co-formulation of pramlintide and insulin A21G (ADO09) improves postprandial glucose and short-term control of mean glucose, time in range, and body weight versus insulin aspart in adults with type 1 diabetes. (2023)
• Contraction of human brain vascular pericytes in response to islet amyloid polypeptide is reversed by pramlintide. (2023)
• Zn(II) binding to pramlintide results in a structural kink, fibril formation and antifungal activity. (2022)
• Pramlintide: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Osteosarcoma through Metabolic Reprogramming. (2022)
• Pramlintide for post-bariatric hypoglycaemia. (2022)
• Pramlintide: An Amylin Analogue Protects Endothelial Cells against Oxidative Stress through Regulating Oxidative Markers and NF-κb Expression. (2022)
• Alleviating carbohydrate counting with a FiASP-plus-pramlintide closed-loop delivery system (artificial pancreas): Feasibility and pilot studies. (2021)
• Ultra-Fast Insulin-Pramlintide Co-Formulation for Improved Glucose Management in Diabetic Rats. (2021)
• ADO09, a co-formulation of the amylin analogue pramlintide and the insulin analogue A21G, lowers postprandial blood glucose versus insulin lispro in type 1 diabetes. (2021)
• Amylin Analog Pramlintide Induces Migraine-like Attacks in Patients. (2021)
• Effects of pramlintide on energy intake and food preference in rats given a choice diet. (2021)
• Rediscovery of the Second β-Cell Hormone: Co-replacement With Pramlintide and Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes. (2020)
• A Novel Dual-Hormone Insulin-and-Pramlintide Artificial Pancreas for Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. (2020)
• A co-formulation of supramolecularly stabilized insulin and pramlintide enhances mealtime glucagon suppression in diabetic pigs. (2020)
• Amylin and pramlintide modulate γ-secretase level and APP processing in lipid rafts. (2020)
• The effect of pramlintide, an antidiabetic amylin analogue, on angiogenesis-related markers <i>in vitro</i>. (2020)
• Neuroprotective Effects of the Amylin Analog, Pramlintide, on Alzheimer's Disease Are Associated with Oxidative Stress Regulation Mechanisms. (2019)
• Pramlintide but Not Liraglutide Suppresses Meal-Stimulated Glucagon Responses in Type 1 Diabetes. (2018)
• Study of forced degradation behavior of pramlintide acetate by HPLC and LC-MS. (2018)
• Pramlintide: The Effects of a Single Drug Injection on Blood Phosphatidylcholine Profile for Alzheimer's Disease. (2018)
• Control of Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes by 24-Hour Fixed-Dose Coadministration of Pramlintide and Regular Human Insulin: A Randomized, Two-Way Crossover Study. (2018)
• Pramlintide, an antidiabetic, is antineoplastic in colorectal cancer and synergizes with conventional chemotherapy. (2018)
• Pramlintide regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and apoptosis through mitochondrial-dependent pathways in human nucleus pulposus cells. (2018)
• Physico-chemical properties of co-formulated fast-acting insulin with pramlintide. (2018)
• Pramlintide Antagonizes Beta Amyloid (Aβ)- and Human Amylin-Induced Depression of Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation. (2017)
• Be positive: optimizing pramlintide from microcanonical analysis of amylin isoforms. (2017)
• Zn(II) - pramlintide: Stability, binding sites and unexpected aggregation. (2017)
• Efficacy and safety of pramlintide injection adjunct to insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2017)
• Impact of Disease Duration on the Effects of Pramlintide in Type 1 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of Three Clinical Trials. (2016)
• Mitigating Meal-Related Glycemic Excursions in an Insulin-Sparing Manner During Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery: The Beneficial Effects of Adjunctive Pramlintide and Liraglutide. (2016)
• Amyloidogenesis of the amylin analogue pramlintide. (2016)
• Effect of Pramlintide on Postprandial Glucose Fluxes in Type 1 Diabetes. (2016)
• Synthesis and amylin receptor activity of glycomimetics of pramlintide using click chemistry. (2016)
• Fixed ratio dosing of pramlintide with regular insulin before a standard meal in patients with type 1 diabetes. (2015)
• Analysis of the ability of pramlintide to inhibit amyloid formation by human islet amyloid polypeptide reveals a balance between optimal recognition and reduced amyloidogenicity. (2015)
• Convergent chemoenzymatic synthesis of a library of glycosylated analogues of pramlintide: structure-activity relationships for amylin receptor agonism. (2014)
• Expression, purification, and biological activity of the recombinant pramlintide precursor. (2014)
• Effects of pramlintide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis using daily insulin dose tertiles. (2014)
• A model of glucose-insulin-pramlintide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in type I diabetes. (2014)
• Neuroprotective effects of the amylin analogue pramlintide on Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and cognition. (2014)
• Activity of pramlintide, rat and human amylin but not Aβ1-42 at human amylin receptors. (2014)
• Recent and emerging therapeutic medications in type 2 diabetes mellitus: incretin-based, Pramlintide, Colesevelam, SGLT2 Inhibitors, Tagatose, Succinobucol. (2013)
• Study reanalysis using a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of pramlintide in subjects with type 1 diabetes. (2013)
• Novel therapies for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: part 1. pramlintide and bromocriptine-QR. (2013)
• Glycosylation of pramlintide: synthetic glycopeptides that display in vitro and in vivo activities as amylin receptor agonists. (2013)
• Pramlintide improved measures of glycemic control and body weight in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus undergoing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. (2013)
• In silico design of optimal ratio for co-administration of pramlintide and insulin in type 1 diabetes. (2013)
• Pramlintide: profile of an amylin analog. (2012)
• [D-Leu-4]-OB3, a synthetic peptide amide with leptin-like activity, augments the effects of orally delivered exenatide and pramlintide acetate on energy balance and glycemic control in insulin-resistant male C57BLK/6-m db/db mice. (2012)
• Pramlintide (2012)
• Effect of pramlintide on prandial glycemic excursions during closed-loop control in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. (2012)
• Pramlintide and the treatment of diabetes: a review of the data since its introduction. (2011)
• Primer on pramlintide, an amylin analog. (2011)
• The effect of pramlintide acetate on glycemic control and weight in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in obese patients without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2011)
• Patient reported outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin randomized to addition of mealtime pramlintide or rapid-acting insulin analogs. (2010)
• Safety of pramlintide added to mealtime insulin in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: a large observational study. (2010)
• Enhanced weight loss following coadministration of pramlintide with sibutramine or phentermine in a multicenter trial. (2010)
• Dose accuracy and injection force of disposable pens delivering pramlintide for the treatment of diabetes. (2010)
• The role of pramlintide for weight loss. (2010)
• Comparison of the post-meal glucose response to different insulin bolus waveforms in insulin pump- and pre-meal pramlintide-treated type 1 diabetes patients. (2010)
• Efficacy and harms of the hypoglycemic agent pramlintide in diabetes mellitus. (2010)
• Randomized comparison of pramlintide or mealtime insulin added to basal insulin treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes. (2009)
• Continuous subcutaneous pramlintide infusion therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes: observations from a pilot study. (2009)
• Reducing postprandial hyperglycemia with adjuvant premeal pramlintide and postmeal insulin in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. (2009)
• A pilot trial of pramlintide home usage in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. (2009)
• Minimal reduction in insulin dosage with pramlintide therapy when pretreatment near-normal glycemia is established and square-wave meal bolus is used. (2009)
• Psychometric properties of an instrument for assessing treatment satisfaction associated with pramlintide use. (2009)
• Pramlintide lowered glucose excursions and was well-tolerated in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results from a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. (2009)
• Review of pramlintide as adjunctive therapy in treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (2009)
• Enhanced weight loss with pramlintide/metreleptin: an integrated neurohormonal approach to obesity pharmacotherapy. (2009)
• Solution state structures of human pancreatic amylin and pramlintide. (2009)
• Pramlintide in pediatric type 1 diabetes. (2009)
• Sustained weight loss following 12-month pramlintide treatment as an adjunct to lifestyle intervention in obesity. (2008)
• Effect of pramlintide as an adjunct to basal insulin on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. (2008)
• A biophysical characterization of the peptide drug pramlintide (AC137) using empirical phase diagrams. (2008)
• Pramlintide, the synthetic analogue of amylin: physiology, pathophysiology, and effects on glycemic control, body weight, and selected biomarkers of vascular risk. (2008)
• Pramlintide in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (2008)
• Pramlintide reduces the risks associated with glucose variability in type 1 diabetes. (2008)
• Pramlintide reduced markers of oxidative stress in the postprandial period in patients with type 2 diabetes. (2008)
• Diabetes distress and its association with clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy. (2008)
• Clinical experience with the addition of pramlintide in patients with insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes. (2008)
• Low-dose pramlintide reduced food intake and meal duration in healthy, normal-weight subjects. (2007)
• The role of prandial pramlintide in the treatment of adolescents with type 1 diabetes. (2007)
• Is pramlintide a safe and effective adjunct therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes? (2007)
• Pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes in a clinical practice setting reduced A1C, postprandial glucose excursions, and weight. (2007)
• Pramlintide improved glycemic control and reduced weight in patients with type 2 diabetes using basal insulin. (2007)
• Pharmacokinetics of an oral drug (acetaminophen) administered at various times relative to subcutaneous injection of pramlintide in subjects with type 2 diabetes. (2007)
• Pramlintide treatment reduces 24-h caloric intake and meal sizes and improves control of eating in obese subjects: a 6-wk translational research study. (2007)
• Progressive reduction in body weight after treatment with the amylin analog pramlintide in obese subjects: a phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study. (2007)
• Pramlintide acetate injection for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2007)
• Therapies for diabetes: pramlintide and exenatide. (2007)
• Effect of adjunctive pramlintide treatment on treatment satisfaction in patients with type 1 diabetes. (2007)
• Assessing treatment satisfaction in patients treated with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy. (2007)
• Update in the pharmacologic treatment of diabetes mellitus: focus on pramlintide and exenatide. (2006)
• Pramlintide in the treatment of diabetes. (2006)
• Pramlintide in the management of insulin-using patients with type 2 and type 1 diabetes. (2006)
• Exenatide and pramlintide: new therapies for diabetes. (2006)
• Pramlintide: A new tool in diabetes management. (2006)
• Pramlintide (2006)
• Use of Pramlintide: The Patient's Perspective (2006)
• Exenatide and pramlintide: new glucose-lowering agents for treating diabetes mellitus. (2006)
• Adjunctive therapy with pramlintide in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2006)
• Diabetes basics. Exenatide and pramlintide. New meds on the block. (2006)
• A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessing pramlintide treatment in the setting of intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. (2006)
• Pramlintide in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2005)
• Effects of pramlintide on postprandial glucose excursions and measures of oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes. (2005)
• Pramlintide acetate. (2005)
• Adjunctive therapy with pramlintide lowers HbA1c without concomitant weight gain and increased risk of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes approaching glycemic targets. (2005)
• New drugs: exenatide, pramlintide acetate, and micafungin sodium. (2005)
• Pramlintide (symlin) for diabetes. (2005)
• The effect of pramlintide on hormonal, metabolic or symptomatic responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. (2005)
• Properties of pramlintide and insulin upon mixing. (2005)
• Effect of pramlintide on satiety and food intake in obese subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. (2005)
• Effect of pramlintide on weight in overweight and obese insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients. (2004)
• Pramlintide reduces postprandial glucose excursions when added to insulin lispro in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a dose-timing study. (2004)
• Pramlintide for the treatment of insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus: rationale and review of clinical data. (2004)
• Amylin replacement with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycaemic and weight control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year, randomized controlled trial. (2004)
• Effect of pramlintide on symptom, catecholamine, and glucagon responses to hypoglycemia in healthy subjects. (2004)
• Addition of pramlintide to insulin therapy lowers HbA1c in conjunction with weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes approaching glycaemic targets. (2003)
• Pramlintide for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (2003)
• Pramlintide: (AC 137, AC 0137, Symlin, Tripro-Amylin). (2003)
• Pramlintide reduces postprandial glucose excursions when added to regular insulin or insulin lispro in subjects with type 1 diabetes: a dose-timing study. (2003)
• Effect of pramlintide on A1C and body weight in insulin-treated African Americans and Hispanics with type 2 diabetes: a pooled post hoc analysis. (2003)
• Pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycemic and weight control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. (2003)
• Ex vivo human placental transfer of the peptides pramlintide and exenatide (synthetic exendin-4). (2003)
• Impact of pramlintide on glucose fluctuations and postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions among patients with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with insulin pumps. (2003)
• The human amylin analog, pramlintide, corrects postprandial hyperglucagonemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. (2002)
• Adjunctive therapy with the amylin analogue pramlintide leads to a combined improvement in glycemic and weight control in insulin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes. (2002)
• Effects of pramlintide, an amylin analogue, on gastric emptying in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. (2002)
• Anti-diabetogenic effect of the human amylin analogue, pramlintide, in Type 1 diabetes is not mediated by GLP-1. (2002)
• A randomized study and open-label extension evaluating the long-term efficacy of pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. (2002)
• Is pramlintide an adjunct to insulin therapy? (2002)
• Pramlintide: an agent for glycemic control plus weight control? (2002)
• The human amylin analog, pramlintide, reduces postprandial hyperglucagonemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2002)
• Pramlintide (Amylin). (2001)
• Amylin replacement with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a physiological approach toward improved metabolic control. (2001)
• Pramlintide: FDA wants more. (2001)
• Pramlintide, an amylin analog, selectively delays gastric emptying: potential role of vagal inhibition. (2000)
• Pramlintide injection drug product robustness studies. (2000)
• Orthogonal HPLC methods for quantitating related substances and degradation products of pramlintide. (2000)
• Kinetics of pramlintide degradation in aqueous solution as a function of temperature and pH. (2000)
• The effect of pramlintide (amylin analogue) treatment on bone metabolism and bone density in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. (1999)
• The amylin analog pramlintide improves glycemic control and reduces postprandial glucagon concentrations in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. (1999)
• Isolation and identification of cyclic imide and deamidation products in heat stressed pramlintide injection drug product. (1999)
• Effects of the amylin analogue pramlintide on hepatic glucagon responses and intermediary metabolism in Type 1 diabetic subjects. (1999)
• Pramlintide. AC 137, ACO 137, Normylin, Symlin, Tripro-amylin. (1999)
• USAN Council. List No. 419. New names. Pramlintide acetate. (1999)
• Pramlintide, a synthetic analog of human amylin, improves the metabolic profile of patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin. The Pramlintide in Type 2 Diabetes Group. (1998)
• The effect of single doses of pramlintide on gastric emptying of two meals in men with IDDM. (1998)
• Isolation and identification of peptide degradation products of heat stressed pramlintide injection drug product. (1998)
• [Effects of pramlintide, an analog of amylin, on the regulation of glycemia]. (1998)
• Nephrectomy decreases amylin and pramlintide clearance in rats. (1998)
• Amylin's pramlintide best of bad bunch of diabetes drugs. (1997)
• Infusion of pramlintide, a human amylin analogue, delays gastric emptying in men with IDDM. (1997)
• Amylin and glycaemic regulation: a possible role for the human amylin analogue pramlintide. (1997)
• USAN Council. List No.392. New names. Pramlintide. (1997)
• Effects of pramlintide, an analog of human amylin, on plasma glucose profiles in patients with IDDM: results of a multicenter trial. (1997)
• Effects of Amylin and the Amylin Agonist Pramlintide on Glucose Metabolism (1997)
• Effects of 4 weeks' administration of pramlintide, a human amylin analogue, on glycaemia control in patients with IDDM: effects on plasma glucose profiles and serum fructosamine concentrations. (1997)
• Pramlintide: a human amylin analogue reduced postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. (1997)
• Effect of 14 days' subcutaneous administration of the human amylin analogue, pramlintide (AC137), on an intravenous insulin challenge and response to a standard liquid meal in patients with IDDM. (1996)

Regulatory status as of this version

• European Union — EMA: not_approved
• United States — FDA: approved — SYMLIN (pramlintide) is indicated as an adjunctive treatment in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who use mealtime insulin therapy and who have failed to achieve desired glucose control despite optimal insulin therapy. Labeled pediatric use: safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.