An initiative of the World Peptide Foundation · Every experience matters
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Oxytocin — Peptide Scientific Intelligence
Scientific intelligence record
Experience 2.0
Endogenous neurohypophyseal nonapeptide / uterotonic medicine
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is an endogenous nonapeptide hormone and neurotransmitter synthesized primarily in hypothalamic neurons and released from the posterior pituitary; it also acts locally in reproductive tissues and the central nervous system. By activating the oxytocin receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, it promotes uterine smooth-muscle contraction and myoepithelial contraction for milk ejection. Synthetic oxytocin is an established obstetric medicine, while many behavioral and neuropsychiatric applications remain investigational and context-dependent.
Record status
Traceability partial
Last meaningful update: 9/10/2026
Evidence searched through:
Not recorded
Assessment updated:
9/10/2026
Last human review:
No accountable human review represented
Governed reviewed evidence
25
Governed records, not an efficacy score or total literature count.
Evidence boundary
0 / 25
Claim-linked support versus recorded evidence.
Research gaps
1
Human experience · separate evidence stream
No community pattern is displayed yet
Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.
Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.
Public display gate
n ≥ 20 eligible observations
Exact progress remains private before the threshold.
Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.
Research chronology
1980 · study · Temporal status not established
Breast-feeding and plasma oxytocin concentrations.
British medical journal
1994 · study · Temporal status not established
Induction of labor with pulsatile oxytocin by a computer-controlled pump.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
1996 · study · Temporal status not established
Induction of labor compared with expectant management for prelabor rupture of the membranes at term. TERMPROM Study Group.
The New England journal of medicine
1999 · study · Temporal status not established
Randomized, double-masked comparison of oxytocin dosage in induction and augmentation of labor.
Obstetrics and gynecology
Connections
Follow the scientific relationships
Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.
Open 12 represented connections ↓Close represented connections ↑
institution
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
represented evidence source
institution
American journal of perinatology
represented evidence source
institution
Biological psychology
represented evidence source
institution
Traceability
Follow the record back to its source
The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.
Source publication state
A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.
Reviewer provenance state
“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.
Claim → Evidence
Incomplete
Evidence → Source
Connected
Source → Original record
Connected
Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.
Incomplete links: claim-to-evidence
Inspect 25 source paths ↓Close source paths ↑
Working hard for oneself or others: Effects of oxytocin on reward motivation in social anxiety disorder.
Observational archive
What contributors reported
Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.
Observational boundary
Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.
Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.
Regulatory context
Reviewed jurisdictional records
Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.
United States (FDA — OXYTOCIN injection)
Regulator: OXYTOCIN injection)
approved
As of: 9/10/2026 · Temporal status not established
Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.
No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.
Sources + provenance
Read the scientific record with its boundaries intact
The public record organizes reviewed evidence; it does not establish scientific truth by itself.
Association, mechanism, observation and regulatory status must not be represented as proof of clinical efficacy or safety.
Observational reports describe contributor experiences and cannot establish causation, effectiveness, safety or clinical benefit.
Contradictory and qualifying evidence must remain visible rather than being silently discarded.
Absence of represented evidence is not evidence that research does not exist.
Research gaps identify unresolved questions; they are not negative conclusions.
Regulatory status is distinct from scientific evidence quality.
Media relationships provide context and explanation; they do not increase the strength of scientific evidence.
A section with no represented records is an incomplete project record, not a scientific conclusion.
Oxytocin evidence · ranking key
How evidence is ranked
A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.
A
Practice-defining evidence
Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.
Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.
D
Signal-generating evidence
Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.
Tier and confidence answer different questions
Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.
peptide explorer
Structural visualization and provenance
Evidence-class labeling remains visible even when interactive rendering is unavailable. Representative geometry is not an experimentally determined or predicted biological conformation.
Duplicate-safe scientific sources under accountable human review. Identified or pending records do not contribute as approved evidence.
0
Insufficient
WPF-EMM-1.0
Identified sources
6
Governed reviewed
0
Evidence approved for publication
0
Audit view
Evidence integrity map
Human and preclinical evidence remain separate. Source identity, claim-to-source traceability, review dates, conflicts, limitations, and unknowns stay visible rather than being collapsed into one score.
4 unresolved signals
Human evidence
0
Preclinical evidence
0
Unresolved questions remain visible.
Human experience
Below display gate
Observations never become clinical evidence.
• Intravenous oxytocin can cause uterine tachysystole, fetal compromise, uterine rupture in susceptible settings, hypotension, arrhythmia, nausea, and—particularly with prolonged high-dose infusion and excess electrolyte-free fluid—water intoxication and hyponatremia. Obstetric use requires indication-specific dosing, maternal and fetal monitoring, and immediate clinical capacity to respond to complications. Intranasal experimental studies use different exposure patterns and cannot be treated as evidence for routine treatment of behavioral or psychiatric conditions. Current product labeling and local clinical protocols control use.
• The presence of published evidence does not by itself establish safety, efficacy, causation or clinical benefit.
Inspect the published evidence record25 governed records · titles, provenance, and original-source linksOpen records ↓Close records ↑
2017Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Working hard for oneself or others: Effects of oxytocin on reward motivation in social anxiety disorder.
There is some evidence to suggest that oxytocin promotes social behavior, especially for disorders characterized by social dysfunction, such as social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men.
Preclinical studies indicate that oxytocin is anorexigenic and has beneficial metabolic effects.
Authors
Elizabeth A Lawson, Dean A Marengi, Rebecca L DeSanti, Tara M Holmes, David A Schoenfeld, Christiane J Tolley
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Rapid-onset anorectic effects of intranasal oxytocin in young men.
Although the neuropeptide oxytocin exhibits many of the characteristics that would support its use as an anorectic agent for overeaters, studies of oxytocin's effectiveness at reducing eating in humans remain limited.
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Misoprostol versus low-dose oxytocin for cervical ripening: a prospective, randomized, double-masked trial.
A variety of cervical ripening agents exist, yet none is ideal.
Authors
James E Ferguson, Barbara H Head, Fred H Frank, Margaret L Frank, Jeremy S Singer, Theodor Stefos, Giancarlo Mari
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
A randomised controlled trial of intramuscular syntometrine and intravenous oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour.
To compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous oxytocin with intramuscular syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour.
Authors
C M Y Choy, W C Lau, W H Tam, P M Yuen
Source
BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Intramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery: randomised controlled trial.
To determine whether intravenous oxytocin is more effective than intramuscular oxytocin at preventing postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery.
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
70/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Induction of labor compared with expectant management for prelabor rupture of the membranes at term. TERMPROM Study Group.
As the interval between rupture of the fetal membranes at term and delivery increases, so may the risk of fetal and maternal infection.
Authors
M E Hannah, A Ohlsson, D Farine, S A Hewson, E D Hodnett, T L Myhr, E E Wang, J A Weston, A R Willan
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial of oxytocin at the beginning versus the end of the third stage of labor for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.
The objective of this study was to compare the administration of oxytocin at the beginning and end of the third stage of labor for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Randomized, double-masked comparison of oxytocin dosage in induction and augmentation of labor.
To test the hypothesis that high-dose oxytocin, when used in a masked fashion, would result in shorter labors and less need for cesarean delivery.
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Haemodynamic effects of oxytocin given as i.v. bolus or infusion on women undergoing Caesarean section.
The cardiovascular effects of oxytocin in animal models and women undergoing Caesarean section include tachycardia, hypotension and decrease in cardiac output.
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Serum oxytocin concentrations in elective caesarean delivery: a randomized comparison of three infusion regimens.
The aim of this study was to determine serum oxytocin concentrations following different regimens of prophylactic oxytocin administration in women undergoing elective caesarean delivery.
Authors
E T Yamaguchi, M M Cardoso, M L Torres, R C Nascimento, M C Ribeiro, E Frerichs, D Payen
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Prospective randomized study of oxytocin discontinuation after the active stage of labor is established.
To investigate the effects of discontinuing oxytocin infusion on labor outcomes once the active stage of labor is established.
Authors
Emin Ustunyurt, Mustafa Ugur, Basak Ozlem Ustunyurt, Tekin Can Iskender, Ovgu Ozkan, Leyla Mollamahmutoglu
Source
The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Induction of labor with pulsatile oxytocin by a computer-controlled pump.
The objective was to test the safety and efficacy of a pulsatile oxytocin infusion protocol in which a computer-controlled pump adjusts the oxytocin dose rate on the basis of uterine activity.
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Intraumbilical vein injection of oxytocin and the third stage of labor: randomized double-blind placebo trial.
The objective of this study was to determine whether intraumbilical injection of oxytocin shortens the third stage of labor.
Authors
Labib M Ghulmiyyah, Salim A Wehbe, Steven L Saltzman, Carol Ehleben, Baha M Sibai
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Oxytocin infusion reduces bleeding during abdominal myomectomies: a randomized controlled trial.
To evaluate the effectiveness of oxytocin infusion to reduce intraoperative bleeding during abdominal myomectomies.
Authors
Berna Aslan Çetin, Begüm Aydoğan Mathyk, Nadiye Köroğlu, Ali Soydar, Gökhan Demirayak, Tayfur Çift
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Breast-feeding and plasma oxytocin concentrations.
The patterns of response of oxytocin to a breast feed were studied in 10 mothers in the first week post partum.
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress.
The presence of social support has been associated with decreased stress responsiveness.
Authors
Markus Heinrichs, Thomas Baumgartner, Clemens Kirschbaum, Ulrike Ehlert
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Oxytocin increases eye gaze in schizophrenia.
Abnormal eye gaze is common in schizophrenia and linked to functional impairment.
Authors
Ellen R Bradley, Alison Seitz, Andrea N Niles, Katherine P Rankin, Daniel H Mathalon, Aoife O'Donovan, Joshua D Woolley
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Restoring effects of oxytocin on the attentional preference for faces in autism.
Reduced attentional preference for faces and symptoms of social anxiety are common in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
Authors
M Kanat, I Spenthof, A Riedel, L T van Elst, M Heinrichs, G Domes
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Boosting oxytocin in postpartum depression: Intranasal oxytocin enhances maternal positive affect and regard for the infant.
Although oxytocin has been recognized for its affiliative and anxiolytic properties, dysregulation of this system may contribute to the link between depressed mood and insensitive maternal care in mothers with postpartum depression (PPD).
Authors
Madelon M E Riem, Lisa Loheide-Niesmann, Roseriet Beijers, Indira Tendolkar, Peter C Mulders
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Chronic oxytocin administration stimulates the oxytocinergic system in children with autism.
Clinical efficacy of intranasal administration of oxytocin is increasingly explored in autism spectrum disorder, but to date, the biological effects of chronic administration regimes on endogenous oxytocinergic function are largely unknown.
Authors
Matthijs Moerkerke, Nicky Daniels, Laura Tibermont, Tiffany Tang, Margaux Evenepoel, Stephanie Van der Donck, Edward Debbaut, Jellina Prinsen, Viktoria Chubar, Stephan Claes, Bart Vanaudenaerde, Lynn Willems
Source
Nature communications
DOI
10.1038/s41467-023-44334-4
PubMed
2025Observational human evidence
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Reduced risk of cesarean delivery with oxytocin discontinuation in active labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Our objective was to determine if oxytocin discontinuation in the active phase of labor impacts the rate of cesarean delivery compared to continuation of oxytocin.
Authors
Julia Whitley, Julia Burd, Michelle Doering, Jeannie Kelly, Antonina Frolova, Nandini Raghuraman
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Oxytocin and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Aim: Oxytocin presents an exciting potential to target the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pharmacologically in an easily administered, cost-effective form with possibly minimal adverse effects.
Authors
Yoon Phaik Ooi, Shih-Jen Weng, Joe Kossowsky, Heike Gerger, Min Sung
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Cervical Ripening Using Foley Balloon with or without Oxytocin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
To assess available evidence regarding the use of oxytocin in conjunction with Foley balloon (FB) for cervical ripening.
Authors
Lauren T Gallagher, Benjamin Gardner, Mahbubur Rahman, Corina Schoen, Katherine A Connolly, Gary D Hankins, George R Saade, Antonio F Saad
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated
This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.
Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.
Directness
70/100
Replication
70/100
Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.
Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0
Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis.
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide.
Authors
Ioannis D Gallos, Idnan Yunas, Adam J Devall, Marcelina Podesek, Aurelio Tobias, Malcolm J Price, Olufemi T Oladapo, Arri Coomarasamy
Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.
2002 · study · Temporal status not established
Misoprostol versus low-dose oxytocin for cervical ripening: a prospective, randomized, double-masked trial.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
2002 · study · Temporal status not established
A randomised controlled trial of intramuscular syntometrine and intravenous oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour.
BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
2003 · study · Temporal status not established
Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress.
Biological psychiatry
2004 · study · Temporal status not established
A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial of oxytocin at the beginning versus the end of the third stage of labor for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.
Gynecologic and obstetric investigation
2007 · study · Temporal status not established
Haemodynamic effects of oxytocin given as i.v. bolus or infusion on women undergoing Caesarean section.
British journal of anaesthesia
2007 · study · Temporal status not established
Prospective randomized study of oxytocin discontinuation after the active stage of labor is established.
The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research
2007 · study · Temporal status not established
Intraumbilical vein injection of oxytocin and the third stage of labor: randomized double-blind placebo trial.
American journal of perinatology
2011 · study · Temporal status not established
Serum oxytocin concentrations in elective caesarean delivery: a randomized comparison of three infusion regimens.
International journal of obstetric anesthesia
2015 · study · Temporal status not established
Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men.
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
2017 · study · Temporal status not established
Working hard for oneself or others: Effects of oxytocin on reward motivation in social anxiety disorder.
Biological psychology
2017 · study · Temporal status not established
Restoring effects of oxytocin on the attentional preference for faces in autism.
Translational psychiatry
2017 · study · Temporal status not established
Oxytocin and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Pharmacopsychiatry
2018 · study · Temporal status not established
Rapid-onset anorectic effects of intranasal oxytocin in young men.
Appetite
2018 · study · Temporal status not established
Intramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery: randomised controlled trial.
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
2019 · study · Temporal status not established
Oxytocin infusion reduces bleeding during abdominal myomectomies: a randomized controlled trial.
Archives of gynecology and obstetrics
2019 · study · Temporal status not established
Oxytocin increases eye gaze in schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia research
2019 · study · Temporal status not established
Cervical Ripening Using Foley Balloon with or without Oxytocin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
American journal of perinatology
2024 · study · Temporal status not established
Chronic oxytocin administration stimulates the oxytocinergic system in children with autism.
Nature communications
2025 · study · Temporal status not established
Boosting oxytocin in postpartum depression: Intranasal oxytocin enhances maternal positive affect and regard for the infant.
Psychoneuroendocrinology
2025 · study · Temporal status not established
Reduced risk of cesarean delivery with oxytocin discontinuation in active labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
2025 · study · Temporal status not established
Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
Regulatory review: approved
United States (FDA — OXYTOCIN injection)
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
Regulatory review: approved
United States (FDA — PITOCIN)
The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.
What still needs investigation
Claim traceability
No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.
Evidence is missing or not represented as studied; this is not a conclusion that the intervention does not work.
Researchers represented in the evidence record12 bibliographic identities · open to inspect
These are bibliographic author identities derived from represented records. Name strings are not proof of unique real-world researcher identity, and publishing organizations are not treated as institutional affiliations.
A Lucas
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 1980
Publishing organizations appearing in records: British medical journal
A Ohlsson
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 1996
Publishing organizations appearing in records: The New England journal of medicine
A R Willan
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 1996
Publishing organizations appearing in records: The New England journal of medicine
A Riedel
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 2017
Publishing organizations appearing in records: Translational psychiatry
Adam J Devall
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 2025
Publishing organizations appearing in records: The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Ali Soydar
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 2019
Publishing organizations appearing in records: Archives of gynecology and obstetrics
Alison Seitz
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 2019
Publishing organizations appearing in records: Schizophrenia research
Andrea N Niles
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 2019
Publishing organizations appearing in records: Schizophrenia research
Angela Fang
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 2017
Publishing organizations appearing in records: Biological psychology
Antonina Frolova
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 2025
Publishing organizations appearing in records: American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
Antonio F Saad
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 2019
Publishing organizations appearing in records: American journal of perinatology
Aoife O'Donovan
1 represented evidence record
Years represented: 2019
Publishing organizations appearing in records: Schizophrenia research
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
represented evidence source
institution
Appetite
represented evidence source
institution
BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
represented evidence source
institution
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
represented evidence source
institution
The New England journal of medicine
represented evidence source
institution
Gynecologic and obstetric investigation
represented evidence source
institution
Obstetrics and gynecology
represented evidence source
institution
British journal of anaesthesia
represented evidence source
institution
International journal of obstetric anesthesia
represented evidence source
Claim: Not linked · Evidence: e148b3c2ddaec503d337c0179030e4cb
Machine extracted: no · Human scientist reviewed: no · Externally validated: no
Incomplete path: claim, extraction-status
A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial of oxytocin at the beginning versus the end of the third stage of labor for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.
Claim: Not linked · Evidence: d811455676d3b82d23ded2cb639f0788
Machine extracted: no · Human scientist reviewed: no · Externally validated: no
Incomplete path: claim, extraction-status
Researcher and institutional relationships are shown only when supported by represented records and must not be interpreted as rankings or endorsements.
Generated: 9/18/2026, 3:18:18 PM
Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.
Structure source
Generated from this record's governed amino-acid sequence
Identifier
Not applicable — not a database structure
Method
Schematic layout ordered by residue position only; not a molecular-dynamics, homology, or fold prediction
Confidence / limitations
Illustrative only. Not physically accurate; carries no structural, binding-site, or activity meaning.
Provenance
WPF governed PeptideChemistry record
Retrieved / last reviewed
2026-09-17
This is a representative, sequence-derived model ordered by residue position only. It is not the peptide's experimentally determined or predicted biological conformation, and it carries no claim about real bond angles, distances, secondary structure, binding sites, or activity.
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Durable source IDs
6/6
Claim-to-source chain
Partial
Evidence searched through: Not recorded
Last accountable review: Not recorded
Inspect unresolved signals (4)
No governed reviewed scientific source is represented.
The last accountable evidence-review date is not recorded.
At least one claim-to-original-source traceability step is not represented.
The literature search-through date is not recorded.
These are documentary and scientific-review signals, not conclusions of harm, ineffectiveness, safety, or absence of research.
Human relevance0
Study design0
Evidence breadth0
Consistency0
Governance quality0
Uncertainty resolution0
Why this rating
No governed reviewed scientific evidence is available.
Source-level review states (6)
identifiedother
Oxytocin receptor antagonism in migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled provocation study.
This maturity index describes evidence-base development and governance. It is not a probability of efficacy, safety, truth, medical advice, or regulatory approval. Read the methodology.