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Where is Bivalirudin being studied?

Find registered human studies, phases, products, recruitment status and reported research locations around the world. Registry search matches are separate from this profile’s reviewed evidence.

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Scientific intelligence record

Experience 2.0

Direct thrombin inhibitor peptide

Bivalirudin

Bivalirudin is a synthetic 20-residue peptide anticoagulant derived conceptually from the thrombin-binding properties of hirudin. Its N-terminal D-phenylalanine-containing sequence binds the catalytic site of thrombin while a C-terminal region engages thrombin’s fibrin-recognition exosite; thrombin can subsequently cleave the molecule, contributing to reversible inhibition. It acts directly on circulating and clot-bound thrombin without requiring antithrombin. The molecule is established in percutaneous coronary intervention, while use in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, cardiopulmonary bypass, pediatric procedures, and other settings has a different and often off-label evidence and regulatory context.

Record status

Traceability partial

Last meaningful update: 9/20/2026

Evidence searched through:
Not recorded
Assessment updated:
9/20/2026
Documented human review:
No documented human review recorded
Automated scientific assessment:
9/26/2026
AI source check:
9/26/2026

Published source links and profile text pass separate gates. Only a documented human review is labelled as human review; an automated scientific assessment applies deterministic checks, and an AI source check confirms only that a source exists and matches its identifiers. A source count alone does not establish a review.

Evidence coverage has three distinct layers. The corpus count is a transparent screening inventory, the featured set contains study-level tiering and interpretation, and the published-source count contains records promoted through the institutional publication workflow. Source validation, editorial publication, and scientific appraisal are separate decisions; these numbers must not be merged.

Ranked research corpus

500

Categorized publications with provisional ranking; scientific review remains separate.

Featured tiered studies

0

Cornerstone publications with study-level interpretation, limitations, and tier disclosure.

Research domains

6

Clinical and scientific questions synthesized independently across the evidence atlas.

Published source records

25

Database records promoted through the governed publication workflow—not the corpus total.

Corpus generated 2026-09-18. Counts remain separately labeled so screening is not represented as completed review.

Human experience · separate evidence stream

No community pattern is displayed yet

Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.

Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.

Public display gate

n ≥ 20 eligible observations

Exact progress remains private before the threshold.

Contribute an observationArchive details

Intelligence snapshot

The state of the record

A compact view of what is represented, what remains unresolved, and how completely the record can be traced.

Ranked research corpus

500

Categorized screening records; proposed rankings remain pending human appraisal.

Featured tiered studies

0

Cornerstone studies with published study-level interpretation and tier disclosure.

Research domains

6

Independent evidence dossiers covering the major research questions.

Published source records

25

Source records published through the governed workflow; this count does not certify scientific conclusions.

Contradictions

0

Conflicting evidence relationships that remain visible.

Research gaps

1

Questions the current record identifies as unresolved.

Connected media

0

Media records explicitly linked to this scientific record.

What we know

Evidence, claims, and boundaries

The project separates represented evidence from qualification, contradiction, uncertainty, and what the evidence does not establish.

Reconciled domain conclusions

6 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

Bivalirudin no longer relies on the legacy “no public claim” state. Each research domain publishes a bounded synthesis, confidence level, evidence context, limitations, geographic applicability, regulatory interpretation, and research gaps. Publication of these syntheses is separate from the scientific review status shown above.

Inspect the reconciled evidence atlas
Inspect the published evidence record25 governed records · titles, provenance, and original-source linksOpen records ↓
2018Phase 3 human evidence
Evidence strength A · 91/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin or Heparin in Patients Undergoing Invasive Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes.

Contrasting evidence exists on the comparative efficacy and safety of bivalirudin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) in relation to the planned use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs).

Authors
Giuseppe Gargiulo, Greta Carrara, Enrico Frigoli, Pascal Vranckx, Sergio Leonardi, Nestor Ciociano, Gianluca Campo, Ferdinando Varbella, Paolo Calabrò, Stefano Garducci, Alessandro Iannone, Carlo Briguori
Source
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
DOI
10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.033
PubMed
29544607
Open original source
2019Phase 3 human evidence
Evidence strength A · 91/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Post-Procedural Bivalirudin Infusion at Full or Low Regimen in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome.

The value of prolonged bivalirudin infusion after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with or without ST-segment elevation remains unclear.

Authors
Giuseppe Gargiulo, Greta Carrara, Enrico Frigoli, Sergio Leonardi, Pascal Vranckx, Gianluca Campo, Ferdinando Varbella, Paolo Calabrò, Tiziana Zaro, Davide Bartolini, Carlo Briguori, Giuseppe Andò
Source
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
DOI
10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.023
PubMed
30784669
Open original source
2003Phase 3 human evidence
Evidence strength A · 91/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial.

The direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin has been associated with better efficacy and less bleeding than heparin during coronary balloon angioplasty but has not been widely tested during contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Authors
A Michael Lincoff, John A Bittl, Robert A Harrington, Frederick Feit, Neal S Kleiman, J Daniel Jackman, Ian J Sarembock, David J Cohen, Douglas Spriggs, Ramin Ebrahimi, Gadi Keren, Jeffrey Carr
Source
JAMA
DOI
10.1001/jama.289.7.853
PubMed
12588269
Open original source
2006Phase 3 human evidence
Evidence strength A · 91/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes.

Current guidelines for patients with moderate- or high-risk acute coronary syndromes recommend an early invasive approach with concomitant antithrombotic therapy, including aspirin, clopidogrel, unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors.

Authors
Gregg W Stone, Brent T McLaurin, David A Cox, Michel E Bertrand, A Michael Lincoff, Jeffrey W Moses, Harvey D White, Stuart J Pocock, James H Ware, Frederick Feit, Antonio Colombo, Philip E Aylward
Source
The New England journal of medicine
DOI
10.1056/nejmoa062437
PubMed
17124018
Open original source
2008Phase 3 human evidence
Evidence strength A · 91/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction.

Treatment with the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin, as compared with heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, results in similar suppression of ischemia while reducing hemorrhagic complications in patients with stable angina and non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes who are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Authors
Gregg W Stone, Bernhard Witzenbichler, Giulio Guagliumi, Jan Z Peruga, Bruce R Brodie, Dariusz Dudek, Ran Kornowski, Franz Hartmann, Bernard J Gersh, Stuart J Pocock, George Dangas, S Chiu Wong
Source
The New England journal of medicine
DOI
10.1056/nejmoa0708191
PubMed
18499566
Open original source
2013Phase 3 human evidence
Evidence strength A · 91/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin started during emergency transport for primary PCI.

Bivalirudin, as compared with heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, has been shown to reduce rates of bleeding and death in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Authors
Philippe Gabriel Steg, Arnoud van 't Hof, Christian W Hamm, Peter Clemmensen, Frédéric Lapostolle, Pierre Coste, Jurrien Ten Berg, Pierre Van Grunsven, Gerrit Jan Eggink, Lutz Nibbe, Uwe Zeymer, Marco Campo dell' Orto
Source
The New England journal of medicine
DOI
10.1056/nejmoa1311096
PubMed
24171490
Open original source
2014Phase 3 human evidence
Evidence strength A · 91/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (HEAT-PPCI): an open-label, single centre, randomised controlled trial.

Bivalirudin, with selective use of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitor agents, is an accepted standard of care in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).

Authors
Adeel Shahzad, Ian Kemp, Christine Mars, Keith Wilson, Claire Roome, Rob Cooper, Mohammed Andron, Clare Appleby, Mike Fisher, Aleem Khand, Babu Kunadian, Joseph D Mills
Source
Lancet (London, England)
DOI
10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60924-7
PubMed
25002178
Open original source
2015Phase 3 human evidence
Evidence strength A · 91/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin or Unfractionated Heparin in Acute Coronary Syndromes.

Conflicting evidence exists on the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin administered as part of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with an acute coronary syndrome.

Authors
Marco Valgimigli, Enrico Frigoli, Sergio Leonardi, Martina Rothenbühler, Andrea Gagnor, Paolo Calabrò, Stefano Garducci, Paolo Rubartelli, Carlo Briguori, Giuseppe Andò, Alessandra Repetto, Ugo Limbruno
Source
The New England journal of medicine
DOI
10.1056/nejmoa1507854
PubMed
26324049
Open original source
2022Phase 3 human evidence
Evidence strength A · 91/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin plus a high-dose infusion versus heparin monotherapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised trial.

Previous randomised trials of bivalirudin versus heparin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have reported conflicting results, in part because of treatment with different pharmacological regimens.

Authors
Yi Li, Zhenyang Liang, Lei Qin, Mian Wang, Xianzhao Wang, Huanyi Zhang, Yin Liu, Yan Li, Zhisheng Jia, Limin Liu, Hongyan Zhang, Jun Luo
Source
Lancet (London, England)
DOI
10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01999-7
PubMed
36351459
Open original source
2025Phase 1–2 human evidence

Prospective Randomized Pilot Study Comparing Bivalirudin Versus Heparin in Neonatal and Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

To test feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with an endpoint of time at goal anticoagulation in children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) randomized to receive bivalirudin vs.

Authors
Ali McMichael, Jamie Weller, Xilong Li, Laura Hatton, Ayesha Zia, Lakshmi Raman
Source
Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies
DOI
10.1097/pcc.0000000000003642
PubMed
39585174
Open original source
2011Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Pediatric catheterization laboratory anticoagulation with bivalirudin.

Pediatric physicians regularly face the problem of uncertain procedural anticoagulation in children, especially in neonates.

Authors
Thomas J Forbes, Ziyad M Hijazi, Guy Young, Jeremy M Ringewald, Paolo M Aquino, Robert N Vincent, Athar M Qureshi, Jonathan J Rome, John F Rhodes, Thomas K Jones, William B Moskowitz, Ralf J Holzer
Source
Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions
DOI
10.1002/ccd.22817
PubMed
21433272
Open original source
1998Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 80/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Relation between abrupt vessel closure and the anticoagulant response to heparin or bivalirudin during coronary angioplasty.

The dosing of anticoagulants during coronary angioplasty is commonly guided by measurements of activated clotting time (ACT), but the usefulness of these measurements remains uncertain.

Authors
J A Bittl, W H Ahmed
Source
The American journal of cardiology
DOI
10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00760-7
PubMed
9809892
Open original source
2023Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Chromogenic and Clot-Based Bivalirudin Assays for Monitoring Anticoagulation.

Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are usually monitored with the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or activated clotting time (ACT).

Authors
Prashant Raghavendran, Benjamin F Tillman, Allison P Wheeler, David Gailani
Source
The journal of applied laboratory medicine
DOI
10.1093/jalm/jfad072
PubMed
37811688
Open original source
2023Observational human evidence
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin Versus Heparin During PCI in NSTEMI: Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Large Randomized Trials.

The benefit:risk profile of bivalirudin versus heparin anticoagulation in patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is uncertain.

Authors
Behnood Bikdeli, David Erlinge, Marco Valgimigli, Adnan Kastrati, Yaling Han, Philippe Gabriel Steg, Rod H Stables, Roxana Mehran, Stefan K James, Enrico Frigoli, Patrick Goldstein, Yi Li
Source
Circulation
DOI
10.1161/circulationaha.123.063946
PubMed
37746717
Open original source
2020Observational human evidence
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Meta-analysis of bivalirudin versus heparin in transradial coronary interventions.

We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin versus heparin in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing transradial artery coronary intervention (TRI).

Authors
Babikir Kheiri, Sunil V Rao, Mohammed Osman, Timothy F Simpson, Mahmoud Barbarawi, Yazan Zayed, Harsukh N Dhillon, Mohamad Alkhouli, Harsh Golwala, Firas Zahr, Deepak L Bhatt, Gregg W Stone
Source
Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions
DOI
10.1002/ccd.28800
PubMed
32091668
Open original source
2019Observational human evidence
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin with a post-procedure infusion versus heparin monotherapy for the prevention of stent thrombosis.

To evaluate the efficacy of post-primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) bivalirudin infusion (at full PCI dose) to prevent stent thrombosis (ST) compared with heparin monotherapy.

Authors
Rahman Shah, Samuel B Latham, Jennifer M Porta, Arshi Naz, Khalid Matin, Sunil V Rao
Source
Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions
DOI
10.1002/ccd.28065
PubMed
30636368
Open original source
2015Observational human evidence
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Critical Appraisal of Bivalirudin versus Heparin for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

Percutaneous coronary intervention with bivalirudin plus bail-out glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors has been shown to be as effective as unfractionated heparin plus routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in preventing cardiac ischemic events, but with a lower bleeding risk.

Authors
Anthony A Bavry, Islam Y Elgendy, Ahmed Mahmoud, Manoj P Jadhav, Tianyao Huo
Source
PloS one
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0127832
PubMed
26010682
Open original source
2023Observational human evidence
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin versus heparin anticoagulation in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Bivalirudin has been suggested as an alternative to heparin for anticoagulation in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Authors
Daochao Huang, QiongChan Guan, Jie Qin, Renfei Shan, Jinhong Wu, Chuang Zhang
Source
Perfusion
DOI
10.1177/02676591221105605
PubMed
35616224
Open original source
2023Observational human evidence
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Comparison of Bivalirudin Versus Heparin for Anticoagulation During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

The effect and safety of bivalirudin compared with heparin in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remains unclear.

Authors
Daisuke Hasegawa, Ryota Sato, Narut Prasitlumkum, Kazuki Nishida, Brian Keaton, Samuel O Acquah, Young Im Lee
Source
ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992)
DOI
10.1097/mat.0000000000001814
PubMed
36194483
Open original source
2023Observational human evidence
Evidence strength A · 86/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Heparin-based versus bivalirudin-based anticoagulation in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review.

Optimal anticoagulation therapy is essential for the prevention of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in pediatric patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Authors
Carlos A Valdes, Omar M Sharaf, Mark S Bleiweis, Jeffrey P Jacobs, Mohammed Mumtaz, Ramy M Sharaf, Eric I Jeng, Giles J Peek
Source
Frontiers in medicine
DOI
10.3389/fmed.2023.1137134
PubMed
36999064
Open original source
2024Observational human evidence
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Bivalirudin is an alternative accepted therapy to unfractionated heparin for patients with myocardial infarction (MI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Authors
Ahmad Al-Abdouh, Mohammed Mhanna, Ahmad Jabri, Luai Madanat, Laith Alhuneafat, Mostafa Reda Mostafa, Amartya Kundu, Vedant Gupta
Source
Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions
DOI
10.1016/j.carrev.2023.10.014
PubMed
37872022
Open original source
2022Observational human evidence
Evidence strength A · 88/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Is bivalirudin an alternative anticoagulant for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Anticoagulation is important for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Authors
Di-Huan Li, Ming-Wei Sun, Jian-Cheng Zhang, Chi Zhang, Lei Deng, Hua Jiang
Source
Thrombosis research
DOI
10.1016/j.thromres.2021.12.024
PubMed
35007937
Open original source
2025Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 75/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Evaluation of a Bivalirudin Dosing and Monitoring Protocol in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Bivalirudin is a direct thrombin inhibitor used off-label for systemic anticoagulation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Authors
Layne M Smith, Francis L Casey Iii, Dhaval Chauhan, Christopher E Mascio, Margaret Mathewson, Jai Udassi
Source
The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG
DOI
10.5863/1551-6776-30.2.218
PubMed
40717748
Open original source
2024Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 72/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Effect of bivalirudin on coagulation in neonatal (cord) and adult human blood in vitro.

Bivalirudin is recommended as an alternative to heparin in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Authors
Sergiy M Nadtochiy, Tatsiana Stefanos, Richard Wissler, Yang Gu, Changyong Feng, Natalie Lebedko, Michael P Eaton
Source
Paediatric anaesthesia
DOI
10.1111/pan.14814
PubMed
38055634
Open original source
2025Observational human evidence
Evidence strength B · 75/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Directness
85/100
Replication
70/100

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Preliminary insights into monitoring bivalirudin anticoagulation: A retrospective cohort study of aPTT versus a chromogenic anti-IIa assay.

Bivalirudin infusions are traditionally monitored with activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) despite the poor correlation with bivalirudin dose-response curves.

Authors
Sean G Yates, Ravi Sarode, Markus Velten, Jennifer Thibodeau, Abe DeAnda, Ibrahim F Ibrahim, Lisa Skariah
Source
Journal of clinical anesthesia
DOI
10.1016/j.jclinane.2025.111836
PubMed
40245747
Open original source

Scientific context

Chemistry and represented biological context

Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.

Open chemistry and biological context ↓
Chemical identity

Molecular and structural record

Structured record
Molecular formula
C98H138N24O33
Molecular weight (Da)
2180.3
Amino acid sequence
[D-Phe]PRPGGGGNGDFEEIPEEYL
InChIKey
OIRCOABEOLEUMC-GEJPAHFPSA-N

Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.

Explore further

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Move from this peptide record into the project's broader evidence, research, comparison, and methodology systems.

Research discovery

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Examine represented peptide records side by side.

Evidence system

Explore how scientific evidence is represented and reviewed.

Research hub

Enter the broader research and intelligence environment.

Methodology

Review project methods, boundaries, and interpretation rules.

Research

How the scientific record is developing

Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.

Research chronology

  1. 1998 · study · Temporal status not established

    Relation between abrupt vessel closure and the anticoagulant response to heparin or bivalirudin during coronary angioplasty.

    The American journal of cardiology

  2. 2003 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial.

    JAMA

  3. 2006 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes.

    The New England journal of medicine

  4. 2008 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction.

    The New England journal of medicine

  5. 2011 · study · Temporal status not established

    Pediatric catheterization laboratory anticoagulation with bivalirudin.

    Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions

  6. 2013 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin started during emergency transport for primary PCI.

    The New England journal of medicine

  7. 2014 · study · Temporal status not established

    Unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (HEAT-PPCI): an open-label, single centre, randomised controlled trial.

    Lancet (London, England)

  8. 2015 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin or Unfractionated Heparin in Acute Coronary Syndromes.

    The New England journal of medicine

  9. 2015 · study · Temporal status not established

    Critical Appraisal of Bivalirudin versus Heparin for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

    PloS one

  10. 2018 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin or Heparin in Patients Undergoing Invasive Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes.

    Journal of the American College of Cardiology

  11. 2019 · study · Temporal status not established

    Post-Procedural Bivalirudin Infusion at Full or Low Regimen in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome.

    Journal of the American College of Cardiology

  12. 2019 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin with a post-procedure infusion versus heparin monotherapy for the prevention of stent thrombosis.

    Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions

  13. 2020 · study · Temporal status not established

    Meta-analysis of bivalirudin versus heparin in transradial coronary interventions.

    Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions

  14. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin plus a high-dose infusion versus heparin monotherapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised trial.

    Lancet (London, England)

  15. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    Is bivalirudin an alternative anticoagulant for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Thrombosis research

  16. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Chromogenic and Clot-Based Bivalirudin Assays for Monitoring Anticoagulation.

    The journal of applied laboratory medicine

  17. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin Versus Heparin During PCI in NSTEMI: Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Large Randomized Trials.

    Circulation

  18. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin versus heparin anticoagulation in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

    Perfusion

  19. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Comparison of Bivalirudin Versus Heparin for Anticoagulation During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

    ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992)

  20. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Heparin-based versus bivalirudin-based anticoagulation in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review.

    Frontiers in medicine

  21. 2024 · study · Temporal status not established

    Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

    Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions

  22. 2024 · study · Temporal status not established

    Effect of bivalirudin on coagulation in neonatal (cord) and adult human blood in vitro.

    Paediatric anaesthesia

  23. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Prospective Randomized Pilot Study Comparing Bivalirudin Versus Heparin in Neonatal and Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

    Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies

  24. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Evaluation of a Bivalirudin Dosing and Monitoring Protocol in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

    The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG

  25. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Preliminary insights into monitoring bivalirudin anticoagulation: A retrospective cohort study of aPTT versus a chromogenic anti-IIa assay.

    Journal of clinical anesthesia

  26. 2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established

    Regulatory review: not_approved

    European Union (EMA)

  27. 2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established

    Regulatory review: approved

    United States (FDA)

The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.

What still needs investigation

Claim traceability

No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.

Evidence is missing or not represented as studied; this is not a conclusion that the intervention does not work.

Researchers represented in the evidence record12 bibliographic identities · open to inspect

These are bibliographic author identities derived from represented records. Name strings are not proof of unique real-world researcher identity, and publishing organizations are not treated as institutional affiliations.

Enrico Frigoli

4 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2015, 2018, 2019, 2023

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Circulation, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, The New England journal of medicine

Carlo Briguori

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2015, 2018, 2019

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Journal of the American College of Cardiology, The New England journal of medicine

Gregg W Stone

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2006, 2008, 2020

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions, The New England journal of medicine

Paolo Calabrò

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2015, 2018, 2019

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Journal of the American College of Cardiology, The New England journal of medicine

Sergio Leonardi

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2015, 2018, 2019

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Journal of the American College of Cardiology, The New England journal of medicine

A Michael Lincoff

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2003, 2006

Publishing organizations appearing in records: JAMA, The New England journal of medicine

Ferdinando Varbella

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2018, 2019

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Frederick Feit

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2003, 2006

Publishing organizations appearing in records: JAMA, The New England journal of medicine

Gianluca Campo

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2018, 2019

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Giuseppe Andò

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2015, 2019

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Journal of the American College of Cardiology, The New England journal of medicine

Giuseppe Gargiulo

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2018, 2019

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Greta Carrara

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2018, 2019

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Connections

Follow the scientific relationships

Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.

Open 12 represented connections ↓

institution

The New England journal of medicine

represented evidence source

institution

Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions

represented evidence source

institution

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

represented evidence source

institution

Lancet (London, England)

represented evidence source

institution

JAMA

represented evidence source

institution

Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies

represented evidence source

institution

The American journal of cardiology

represented evidence source

institution

The journal of applied laboratory medicine

represented evidence source

institution

Circulation

represented evidence source

institution

PloS one

represented evidence source

institution

Perfusion

represented evidence source

institution

ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992)

represented evidence source

Traceability

Follow the record back to its source

The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.

Source publication state

A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.

Reviewer provenance state

“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.

Domain conclusion → Evidence

Connected

Evidence → Source

Connected

Source → Original record

Connected

Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.

Reconciled for 6 domain conclusions and 0 featured studies.

Detailed study-to-domain mappings and original-source paths appear in the Bivalirudin evidence-governance section.

Inspect the ranked source records

Observational archive

What contributors reported

Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.

Observational boundary

Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.

Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.

Regulatory context

Published jurisdictional records

Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.

Research + media

Media connected to this scientific record

Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.

No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.

Sources + provenance

Read the scientific record with its boundaries intact

The public record organizes reviewed evidence; it does not establish scientific truth by itself.
Association, mechanism, observation and regulatory status must not be represented as proof of clinical efficacy or safety.
Observational reports describe contributor experiences and cannot establish causation, effectiveness, safety or clinical benefit.
Contradictory and qualifying evidence must remain visible rather than being silently discarded.
Absence of represented evidence is not evidence that research does not exist.
Research gaps identify unresolved questions; they are not negative conclusions.
Regulatory status is distinct from scientific evidence quality.
Media relationships provide context and explanation; they do not increase the strength of scientific evidence.
A section with no represented records is an incomplete project record, not a scientific conclusion.
Researcher and institutional relationships are shown only when supported by represented records and must not be interpreted as rankings or endorsements.

Generated: 11/8/2026, 5:28:52 PM

global evidence atlas

Bivalirudin research, ranked and separated by purpose

This is a deduplicated literature screening registry—not a claim that every mention directly proves efficacy or safety. Machine proposals remain visibly separate from governed human appraisal.

668Discoverable source universe
500Ranked screening records
6Research domains
0Accountably approved conclusions

500 matching records · ranked 2026-09-18

Page 1 of 20

Count reconciliation: 668 discoverable source records match the peptide identity query; 500 are retained in this bounded, ranked screening view; 0 belong to the separate governed layer labeled “Accountably approved conclusions.” Domain totals overlap because one publication may inform several questions.

governance and regulatory context

Bivalirudin: what this atlas does and does not establish

Last checked
2026-09-18
Accountable publication approval
Not yet approved by a named accountable reviewer. Machine screening only.

No new outcome conclusion is inferred from discovery metadata. Named accountable approval is required for governed scientific conclusions.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction

Absence of a record in this pass is not proof that no authorization exists. Status must remain jurisdiction-, product-, formulation-, and date-specific.

5 FDA structured product label record(s) were identified for this compound name in openFDA. Label presence reflects an approved product exists under that name; it is not a claim about the specific formulation, dose, or use being discussed anywhere else on this page.

No machine-proposed evidence-strength grades exist yet for this compound; all screening records are unassigned pending further review.

Bivalirudin evidence · ranking key

How evidence is ranked

A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.

A

Practice-defining evidence

Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.

B

Strong supporting evidence

Smaller randomized trials, strong prospective cohorts, prespecified secondary analyses, and high-quality comparative-effectiveness studies.

C

Contextual evidence

Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.

D

Signal-generating evidence

Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.

Tier and confidence answer different questions

Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.

Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.

peptide explorer

Structural visualization and provenance

Evidence-class labeling remains visible even when interactive rendering is unavailable. Representative geometry is not an experimentally determined or predicted biological conformation.

Fully specified molecular identity

Molecular formula
C98H138N24O33
Molecular weight
2180.3 g/mol
Exact identity / sequence notation
H-D-Phe-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Asn-Gly-Asp-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ile-Pro-Glu-Glu-Tyr-Leu-OH
Identity-defining modifications
  • D-phenylalanine1
  • 20-residue direct thrombin inhibitor
  • Free C-terminal carboxyl
PubChem CID
16129704
InChIKey
OIRCOABEOLEUMC-GEJPAHFPSA-N

D-residue stereochemistry is retained in notation and collapsed to X only for the schematic.

Sources: NIH PubChem — Bivalirudin · reviewed 2026-09-17

Representative sequence-derived model
Structure source
Generated from this record's governed amino-acid sequence
Identifier
Not applicable — not a database structure
Method
Schematic layout ordered by residue position only; not a molecular-dynamics, homology, or fold prediction
Confidence / limitations
Illustrative only. Not physically accurate; carries no structural, binding-site, or activity meaning.
Provenance
WPF governed PeptideChemistry record
Retrieved / last reviewed
2026-09-17

This is a representative, sequence-derived model ordered by residue position only. It is not the peptide's experimentally determined or predicted biological conformation, and it carries no claim about real bond angles, distances, secondary structure, binding sites, or activity.

Suggested citation

  • APA

    World Peptide Foundation. (n.d.). Bivalirudin — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation. (Updated September 20, 2026.) https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/bivalirudin

  • AMA / Vancouver

    World Peptide Foundation. Bivalirudin — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation website. Updated September 20, 2026. https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/bivalirudin