{"schemaVersion":"wpf-profile-export-v1","exportedAt":"2026-09-18T15:17:30.837Z","profile":{"slug":"ll-37","name":"LL-37","aliases":[],"category":"Antimicrobial peptide"},"synthesis":{"mechanism":"Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide with membrane-active, immunomodulatory, and wound-biology roles.","evidence":"Source identities are PubMed-resolved and provisionally graded by study design. Full-text findings, bias, applicability, contradictions, and regulatory interpretation remain pending.","safety":"Membrane activity may also cause cytotoxic or inflammatory effects; laboratory findings cannot be assumed clinical.","observationalBoundary":"A minimum 25-source PubMed corpus and chemistry record are staged for accountable review. This profile remains suppressed until authorized scientific and publication approval.","openQuestions":"Which findings survive full-text risk-of-bias review? Which populations, formulations, routes, doses, comparators, durations, and endpoints are directly supported? 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Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.","authors":"Lamia Hamouda Elgarhy; Basma Ramadan Refaey Ramadan; Fersan Abd Allah Sallam; Dalya Ayman Iskandarani; El-Sayed Shaaban Hewedy","publishingOrg":"Archives of dermatological research","publicationYear":2025,"doi":"10.1080/09546634.2020.1757018","pubmedId":"39873762","jurisdiction":null,"dateAccessed":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","editorialNotes":"Machine-staged candidate; no human approval asserted.","sourceType":"peer_reviewed_research","claimSupported":null,"supportNature":null,"qualification":null,"verificationStatus":"verified","publicationStatus":"published","addedById":null,"machineActor":"codex-governed-profile-batch-10-2026-09-09","reviewedById":"0bf5b853-ea8b-4aa3-bffe-2af0fdd75150","canonicalSourceIdentity":"doi:10.1080/09546634.2020.1757018","sourceIdentityId":null,"sourceStatus":"active","sourceContentHash":null,"sourceVersion":1,"retrievedAt":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","retrievalProvider":"NCBI PubMed","retrievalPayloadRef":null,"evidenceLane":"mechanistic","extractionPayload":{"sourceStrength":{"grade":"C","version":"WPF-ESR-1.0","provisional":true},"publicationTypes":"Journal Article"},"provenancePayload":{"doi":"10.1080/09546634.2020.1757018","pmid":"39873762","provider":"NCBI PubMed"},"validationGates":{"pmidResolved":true,"humanReviewed":false,"identityResolved":true,"publicationApproved":false},"engineState":"candidate","engineRunId":null,"createdAt":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","updatedAt":"2026-09-09T19:33:05.147Z"},{"id":"5dedcd1d-6dfc-5415-914d-c8f05cfea528","peptideId":"e56dabb2-2ca7-45f8-994b-42c556d87ce1","title":"Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes wound healing in diabetic mice by regulating TFEB-dependent autophagy.","sourceUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38423213/","evidenceTier":"animal","summary":"PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining cathelicidin ll-37 promotes wound healing in diabetic mice by regulating tfeb-dependent autophagy. 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Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.","authors":"Engy M Ahmed; Abeer A Boseila; Amro S Hanora; Samar M Solyman","publishingOrg":"Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)","publicationYear":2024,"doi":"10.14715/cmb/2024.70.8.1","pubmedId":"39262269","jurisdiction":null,"dateAccessed":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","editorialNotes":"Machine-staged candidate; no human approval asserted.","sourceType":"peer_reviewed_research","claimSupported":null,"supportNature":null,"qualification":null,"verificationStatus":"verified","publicationStatus":"published","addedById":null,"machineActor":"codex-governed-profile-batch-10-2026-09-09","reviewedById":"0bf5b853-ea8b-4aa3-bffe-2af0fdd75150","canonicalSourceIdentity":"doi:10.14715/cmb/2024.70.8.1","sourceIdentityId":null,"sourceStatus":"active","sourceContentHash":null,"sourceVersion":1,"retrievedAt":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","retrievalProvider":"NCBI PubMed","retrievalPayloadRef":null,"evidenceLane":"mechanistic","extractionPayload":{"sourceStrength":{"grade":"C","version":"WPF-ESR-1.0","provisional":true},"publicationTypes":"Journal Article"},"provenancePayload":{"doi":"10.14715/cmb/2024.70.8.1","pmid":"39262269","provider":"NCBI PubMed"},"validationGates":{"pmidResolved":true,"humanReviewed":false,"identityResolved":true,"publicationApproved":false},"engineState":"candidate","engineRunId":null,"createdAt":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","updatedAt":"2026-09-09T19:33:05.147Z"},{"id":"79f312a5-57cb-5de5-b807-f6cd59eda5f6","peptideId":"e56dabb2-2ca7-45f8-994b-42c556d87ce1","title":"Salivary Cathelicidin (LL-37) in Children and Adolescents Living with HIV.","sourceUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38287973/","evidenceTier":"observational","summary":"PubMed-indexed journal article examining salivary cathelicidin (ll-37) in children and adolescents living with hiv. 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Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.","authors":"Alexandra Aidoukovitch; Elisabeth Bankell; Daniel Svensson; Bengt-Olof Nilsson","publishingOrg":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","publicationYear":2024,"doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149962","pubmedId":"38642493","jurisdiction":null,"dateAccessed":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","editorialNotes":"Machine-staged candidate; no human approval asserted.","sourceType":"peer_reviewed_research","claimSupported":null,"supportNature":null,"qualification":null,"verificationStatus":"verified","publicationStatus":"published","addedById":null,"machineActor":"codex-governed-profile-batch-10-2026-09-09","reviewedById":"0bf5b853-ea8b-4aa3-bffe-2af0fdd75150","canonicalSourceIdentity":"doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149962","sourceIdentityId":null,"sourceStatus":"active","sourceContentHash":null,"sourceVersion":1,"retrievedAt":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","retrievalProvider":"NCBI PubMed","retrievalPayloadRef":null,"evidenceLane":"mechanistic","extractionPayload":{"sourceStrength":{"grade":"C","version":"WPF-ESR-1.0","provisional":true},"publicationTypes":"Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"},"provenancePayload":{"doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149962","pmid":"38642493","provider":"NCBI PubMed"},"validationGates":{"pmidResolved":true,"humanReviewed":false,"identityResolved":true,"publicationApproved":false},"engineState":"candidate","engineRunId":null,"createdAt":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","updatedAt":"2026-09-09T19:33:05.147Z"},{"id":"7aeec9ca-669c-5527-918f-eb8ccee2930d","peptideId":"e56dabb2-2ca7-45f8-994b-42c556d87ce1","title":"Cathelicidin (LL-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of Kawasaki disease by activating TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling.","sourceUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37773705/","evidenceTier":"laboratory","summary":"PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining cathelicidin (ll-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of kawasaki disease by activating tlr4-nf-κb-nlrp3 signaling. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.","authors":"Feifei Si; Yaheng Lu; Yizhou Wen; Tingting Chen; Yingzi Zhang; Yanfeng Yang","publishingOrg":"Immunity, inflammation and disease","publicationYear":2023,"doi":"10.1002/iid3.1032","pubmedId":"37773705","jurisdiction":null,"dateAccessed":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","editorialNotes":"Machine-staged candidate; no human approval asserted.","sourceType":"peer_reviewed_research","claimSupported":null,"supportNature":null,"qualification":null,"verificationStatus":"verified","publicationStatus":"published","addedById":null,"machineActor":"codex-governed-profile-batch-10-2026-09-09","reviewedById":"0bf5b853-ea8b-4aa3-bffe-2af0fdd75150","canonicalSourceIdentity":"doi:10.1002/iid3.1032","sourceIdentityId":null,"sourceStatus":"active","sourceContentHash":null,"sourceVersion":1,"retrievedAt":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","retrievalProvider":"NCBI PubMed","retrievalPayloadRef":null,"evidenceLane":"in_vitro","extractionPayload":{"sourceStrength":{"grade":"C","version":"WPF-ESR-1.0","provisional":true},"publicationTypes":"Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"},"provenancePayload":{"doi":"10.1002/iid3.1032","pmid":"37773705","provider":"NCBI PubMed"},"validationGates":{"pmidResolved":true,"humanReviewed":false,"identityResolved":true,"publicationApproved":false},"engineState":"candidate","engineRunId":null,"createdAt":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","updatedAt":"2026-09-09T19:33:05.147Z"},{"id":"2b53e8b4-b293-5da9-99de-720296dbf81f","peptideId":"e56dabb2-2ca7-45f8-994b-42c556d87ce1","title":"Cathelicidin LL-37 Activates Human Keratinocyte Autophagy through the P2X₇, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin, and MAPK Pathways.","sourceUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36455652/","evidenceTier":"observational","summary":"PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining cathelicidin ll-37 activates human keratinocyte autophagy through the p2x₇, mechanistic target of rapamycin, and mapk pathways. 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Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.","authors":"Yajuan Su; Navatha Shree Sharma; Johnson V John; Gitali Ganguli-Indra; Arup K Indra; Adrian F Gombart; Jingwei Xie","publishingOrg":"Advanced healthcare materials","publicationYear":2022,"doi":"10.1002/adhm.202200849","pubmedId":"35930707","jurisdiction":null,"dateAccessed":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","editorialNotes":"Machine-staged candidate; no human approval asserted.","sourceType":"peer_reviewed_research","claimSupported":null,"supportNature":null,"qualification":null,"verificationStatus":"verified","publicationStatus":"published","addedById":null,"machineActor":"codex-governed-profile-batch-10-2026-09-09","reviewedById":"0bf5b853-ea8b-4aa3-bffe-2af0fdd75150","canonicalSourceIdentity":"doi:10.1002/adhm.202200849","sourceIdentityId":null,"sourceStatus":"active","sourceContentHash":null,"sourceVersion":1,"retrievedAt":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","retrievalProvider":"NCBI PubMed","retrievalPayloadRef":null,"evidenceLane":"mechanistic","extractionPayload":{"sourceStrength":{"grade":"C","version":"WPF-ESR-1.0","provisional":true},"publicationTypes":"Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"},"provenancePayload":{"doi":"10.1002/adhm.202200849","pmid":"35930707","provider":"NCBI PubMed"},"validationGates":{"pmidResolved":true,"humanReviewed":false,"identityResolved":true,"publicationApproved":false},"engineState":"candidate","engineRunId":null,"createdAt":"2026-09-09T11:43:32.996Z","updatedAt":"2026-09-09T19:33:05.147Z"},{"id":"92a2ec78-f0dc-5485-b0f4-9ec478e89421","peptideId":"e56dabb2-2ca7-45f8-994b-42c556d87ce1","title":"Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 Induces Cell Death in Autophagy-Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells.","sourceUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35387840/","evidenceTier":"laboratory","summary":"PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining human cathelicidin peptide ll-37 induces cell death in autophagy-dysfunctional endothelial cells. 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